



(2y>y 



Zj 



STUDIES 



IN THB 



OLD TESTAMENT. 



A YEAR'S COURSE OF TWENTY-FIVE LESSONS, PROVID- 
ING A DAILY SCHEME FOR PERSONAL STUDY. 
ADAPTED ALSO TO CLASS- WORK. 



CHAELES HEEBEET MOEGAN, 
THOMAS EDDY TAYLOE. 



CmCINlSrATI: JENNINGS AND GEAHAM. 
NEW YOEK: EATON AND MAINS. 



4l 






COPYRIGHT, 1905, ET 
JENNINGS <& GB AHAM. 



Transfer from 
U. 1. ©old|er*s Home Ubl^ 
Oct.2B,l931 



^ 



INTRODUCTION. 



THE past hundred years have made a nobler, richer con- 
tribution to our knowledge of the Old Testament than 
the five centuries that immediately preceded. In that wonder- 
ful single century, the Orient, in which the Old Testament was 
originally written, has been subjected to an investigation of its 
buried cities, its long-lost languages, its varied literatures, its 
religions, its modern peoples with their tongues and faiths and 
customs and history, so rigorous, so patient, so scientific, that 
all the past history of human research has not its counterpart. 
The information thus assembled is in mass so gi*eat and in form 
so complex that decades must pass before it is all organized so 
that convincing generalizations may be made from it. That 
colossal task is in progress in many places, and in the hands of 
men whose special training matches their opportunity. Mean- 
while, this accumulation of knowledge of the Orient has 
afforded myriads of contributions to our understanding of the 
Old Testament in matters both small and great. Thousands of 
separate passages, scattered through the thirty-nine books, 
have found a resolution of their difficulties ; entire books that 
had long lain almost neglected have been restored to the inter- 
est of men, and large numbers of youth of high endowments 
who, at the beginning of the nineteenth century would have 
passed into the study of the great physical sciences, are now 
attracted to the pursuit of Old Testament criticism or exegesis, 
or history or archaeology. They who have lived in the center 
of this vast and moving sea of organized effort during the most 
recent decenniums may well give thanks that it has been their 
liigh privilege to see, in the making, the splendid results of Old 
Testament literary and historical and- textual criticism, of lexi- 
cography and geography and archaeology. But they well know 
that greater results are to follow ; that newer methods, now in 
their first testing, are yet to produce their results, and that the 
sifting of the accumulations will yield a harvest greater than 
their ingathering. 

To all these new methods and their results there has not 
yet arisen a popular instruction in any way corresponding to 

3 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



their interest or importance. The people are hungry enough 
to know more of their Scriptures, and to every effort to present 
any part of the new knowledge with enthusiasm and skill they 
rise with an eagerness almost pathetic. The Church must 
arouse itself to a glorious opportunity ; its ministry and its lay 
teachers must learn the newer discoveries and again present a 
living Old Testament in a fresh and vigorous way. It has in its 
care an Old Testament not diminished but increased in glory ; 
a series of books not less but more obviously inspired of 
Almighty God ; a revelation of the Holy Spirit's dealing with 
the race not less but more worthy of a conquering faith. 

To help onward this great purpose is this book written. 
I have read it in manuscript, and am happy to commend it. I 
know with what conscientious and scrupulous care every line 
of it was beaten out. I should have said more than it says here 
and there, but it has the right ring, and, as I firmly believe, 
the seeds of a propagating life are in it. If young men and 
women will only read it, work it out in their own thinking life, 
and teach it one to another with a contagious enthusiasm, we 
shall have to-morrow a new generation of young people more 
fit to teach in our Sunday schools the Word of God, the living 
Lord Jesus, and the apostolic witness to Him, — for to these 
latter ends the Old Testament must ever remain indispensable. 
Yea, we shall also have a company of young men better fitted 
to begin a larger preparation for the ministry of the glorious 
gospel of the Son of God. 



Drew Theological Seminary, 
August 5, 1905. 



Robert W. Rogers. 



S 



OPENING SUGGESTIONS. 



The present text-book is planned to cover the Oldwan. 
Testament in a year's course of Studies. The treatment 
in all parts must therefore be brief, but it is intended 
to be systematic, and, for the limits assigned, to give an 
orderly, comprehensive survey of the entire material. 
Large portions will be presented in summaries or outlines, 
but the readers or students will find themselves in con- 
stant touch with the Bible itself in the passages which 
are selected for daily reading. These embrace some of 
the most noble, attractive, and helpful portions of the 
Old Testament writings. 

Yet no one should suppose that the lessons are simply Narratives. 
outlines. After the passage of Scripture set to be read 
the First Day, the same as for the other days, the Nar- 
rative, . or story, for each lesson is given. Into these 
twenty-five Narratives, each consisting of from eight 
hundred to a thousand words, are packed accounts of the 
several portions into which the Hebrew Bible divides the 
Old Testament, and the condensed knowledge about each 
separate book, and all the main events, characters, and 
features of Old Testament life. Whoever reads these 
Narratives will have a ciear understanding and a fresh 
grasp of the entire Old Testament. 

It will be found that the main idea upon which the •^'^ ■**®"° 
successive Parts and Studies are formed is that of the 
historical development and the biography of the leading 
characters. Yet, at the same time, the familiar arrange- 
ment of the Old Testament books can be closely followed, 
and the great divisions of the Hebrew literature clearly 
indicated. 

5 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Purpose. It is commonly understood that this field is filled with 
critical problems, but the very scope and aim of these 
Studies preclude and make unnecessary the attempt to solve 
; these difficulties. The course is meant to serve the needs 

of the busy common people. It aims to be brief, simple, 
practical, and constructive, and so to present the life of 
this part of the Bible that it may kindle and nourish the 
spiritual life of the young people of to-day. 
Search for rpj^g standard reference books for the course have 

Best 

Literature, been Selected with the utmost care, and in the light de- 
rived from submitting a much larger list to the judgment 
of nearly a score of the most competent Biblical teachers 
and workers on both sides of the Atlantic, many of whom 
are themselves authors of important books relating to the 
Scriptures. 
Questions If even some of these reference books are not followed 
' in parts of the course, it is because the authors of the 
text-book regard the questions involved as still open to 
revision by fresh facts and proofs which may arise from 
archaeology and other sources. The imposing construc- 
tions of a generation ago in the Xew Testament, which 
attempted to place nearly all its books in the second 
century, have yielded largely to the logic of facts, and 
the dates of those writings have swung back to the gen- 
eral period originally held. A similar change is possible 
with respect to the late date now given to some of the 
books of the Old Testament. While no effort is here 
made fully and finally to determine matters which are 
still in debate, extremes are sought to be avoided on 
either side. 
Light At the same time the best light available from every 

Welcomed. gQ^p^g jg welcomed, and the presence, in the list of ref- 
erence books, of several volumes that treat the Old Tes- 
tament history from the point of view of the current 
literary analysis, will be clearly understood. They appear 
to be among the best surveys of Hebrew history of recent 



opening Suggestions. 



date, and with them are placed carefully selected books, 
some of them older and some recent, that present the 
other side in some of the debatable areas. 

It is intended that these Studies in the Old Testament Equipment. 
shall be complete in themselves, requiring little or no out- 
side help. In fact the only book strictly needed for the 
course, beyond the text-book, is a copy of the Bible, pref* 
-erably the American Revised Version. This can be ob- 
tained, entire Bible, minion, 24mo., without references, 
prepaid, 35 cents; 8vo., with references, prepaid, $1; 
Teacher's Bible, bourgeois, 8vo., Egyptian seal, divinity 
<jircuit, red-under-gold edges (No. 2172), prepaid, $2.20, 
and in other bindings at higher prices. This last has 
Bible dictionary, concordance, illustrations, and maps, 
and is especially recommended to leaders of classes. 
One or more good reference books will greatly assist both 
leaders and students. 

(Except the Hastings Bible Dictionary and the Bible Encyclo- 
psBdla (which can be obtained only from the publishers), all books re- 
ferred to in this volume can be had of Jennings and Graham, Cincin- 
joati: Chicago, Kansas City, San Francisco; or, Eaton and Mains: New 
Tfork, Boston. Pittsburg, Detroit.) 

Among these are the following, which compose the General 
list of books throughout the Studies, for standard and **** 
general reference; and which will be referred to by the 
name or abbreviation that is placed first. 

Blaikie. A Manual of Bible History. It will be noted 
that 381 out of the 495 body pages of this admirable 
treatise are given to the Old Testament, thirty pages to the 
interval between the Old Testament and the New, and 
eighty-four to the New Testament. This concise and well- 
ordered survey embraces, therefore, the whole range of 
the Bible-study courses; written by a profound scholar, 
largely before the critical problems arose, and revised and 
enlarged by him before his death. ISTewly issued, with a 
dozen fresh maps. Price, $1.50. 

Ottley. A Short History of the Hebrews to the Koman 



8 Studies in the Old Testament. 

Period. Valuable for its clear arrangement, extent of 
time covered, excellence of its maps and chronological 
tables, and generally reverent spirit, while accepting the 
critical positions. Price, $1.25 net. 

BarnicoU, A Primer of Old Testament History. 
Temple Series of Bible Handbooks. Consists of a brief 
and well-composed narration of the entire course of Old 
Testament history, following closely the Bible itself. It 
is much to be regretted that it does not embody the dates, 
at least provisionally, of all the main events. But few are 
given, except those covering the reigns of the kings of 
Judah and Israel. Price, 30 cents net. 

Beardslee. Outlines of an Introduction to the Old 
Testament. A fresh, popular survey of the Old Testa- 
ment material, brief, lucid, and conservative. While 
broad in its examinations of and reference to critical lit- 
erature, it holds that the proposed reconstructions are, for 
the most part, not proved. Price, $1.20 net. 

Burney. Outlines of Old Testament Theology. Ox- 
ford Church Text-books. This compact little treatise, 
while throughout based upon the critical positions, is very 
suggestive in the order and breadth of its key ideas. 

Price, 30 cents net. 

Matheson (I) and (II). Eepresentative Men of the 
Bible. It is delightful to place in the midst of the stand- 
ard reference books these two volumes of graphic esti- 
mates of Old Testament characters, composed of the charm- 
ing insights and soulful prayers of the sightless preacher 
of Edinburgh. Coming after three books of history and 
one each of introduction and theology, they form an in- 
terlude, before the books relating to special problems, 
single lives, and separate phases of the Old Testament 
are presented. Price, $1.75 per vol. 

But, beside Matheson's treatment of the men, may 
first appear two books briefly presenting the women of the 
Bible. 



Opening Suggestions. 



W. B. Women of the Bible, Eebekah to Priscilla. By 
H. Elvet Lewis, W. F. Adeney, George Milligan, and 
others. Price, $1. 

Brown, Nameless Women of the Bible. 

Price, 75 cents. 

Price. The Monuments and the Old Testament. An 
able portrayal of the progress and results of Oriental re- 
search as bearing on the Old Testament field. 

Price, $1.50. 

The following are for special phases, and separate 
books and lives: 

Davis. Genesis and Semitic Tradition. The author 
illumines the early narratives of Genesis by comparing 
the Biblical accounts with the traditions of other Semitic 
people, and showing how far the former are superior. 

Price, $1.50. 

Scott. Abraham. Bible-class Primers. The first 
mentioned in a list of compact, scholarly booklets, which 
can be consulted with much profit by the reader or student 
wishing more full information on a character or period. 

Price, 20 cents net. 

Sayce (J. and L. E.). Joseph and the Land of Egypt. 
Temple Series of Bible Handbooks. Price, 30 cents net. 
Several of these fresh and attractive little volumes are 
strongly commended. In many respects this one is a model 
of the way in which all the new light coming from inves- 
tigation can be used to impart a vivid realism to the sim- 
ple Biblical story. 

Iverach. Moses. Bible-class Primers. 

Price, 20 cents net. 

Bennett. Joshua and the Palestinian Conquest. 

Temple Series of Bible Handbooks. 

Price, 30 cents net. 

Paterson. The Period of the Judges. Bible-class 
Primers. Price, 20 cents net. 

Salmond. Eli, Samuel, and Saul. Same as above. 



lo Studies in the Old Testament. 

Sinker. Saul and the Else of the Hebrew Monarchy. 
Temple Series of Bible Handbooks. Price, 30 cents net. 

Knox'Little. David, the Hero King of Israel. 

Same as above. 

Winterhotham. Life and Eeign of Solomon. Bible- 
class Primers. Price, 20 cents net. 

Walker. The Kings of Israel. Same as above. 

Given. The Kings of Judah. Same as above. 

Davidson {K and R.). The Exile and the Eestora- 
tion. A brilliant and able book, perhaps the best in the 
entire series to which it belongs. Same as above. 

Skinner. Historical Connection Between the Old and 
'the New Testaments. Same as above. 

Davison (Psa.). The Praises of Israel. (The Psalms.) 

Davison (Wis. Lit). The Wisdom Literature of the 
Old Testament. 

These two volumes by a progressive, living thinker 
make clear what such a teacher and leader can do to sim- 
plify and open Bible treasures to the people. 

Price, $1 each. 

Ottley (H. P.). The Hebrew Prophets. Oxford 
Church Text-books. 

This little volume shows the author's power to grasp 
a large theme, and to compress the fruits of a wonderful 
era into small compass. Price, 30 cents net. 

Kirkpatrick. The Doctrine of the Prophets. A noble 
product of ripe scholarship, presenting in this wide field 
the findings of one who believes, to use his own words, 
that the prophets "were in very truth what they claimed 
to be, the inspired messengers of God." Price, $1.75. 

Maclntyre. Elijah and Elisha. Bible-class Primers. 

Price, 20 cents net. 

Driver (Isa.). Isaiah. Men of the Bible Series. 

Price, 75 cents. 

Bohson. Jeremiah the Prophet. Bible-class Primers. 

Price, 20 cents net 



Opening Suggestions. ii 

Harvey-J ellie. Ezekiel: His Life and Mission. 

Same as above. 

Dearie. Daniel and the Age of the Exile. Men of the 
Bible Series. Price, 75 cents. 

Adams. The Minor Prophets. Bible-class Primers. 

Price, 20 cents net. 

A further or secondary list, to which some reference secondary 
is made, is composed chiefly of the following works, though Re'erencet. 
still others are frequently named in footnotes or elsewhere : 

N. C. B. The New Century Bible. General Editor, 
W. F. Adeney. Price, per volume, 75 cents. 

Dods. Genesis. The Expositor's Bible. Price, $1.50. 

Driver (Gen.). Genesis. Westminster Commentaries. 

Price, $4. 

Murison {Eg.) History of Egypt. Bible-class 
Primers. Price, 20 cents net. 

Sayce (Mon. Facts). Monument Facts and Higher 
Critical Fancies. Price, 75 cents. 

Rogers. A History of Babylonia and Assyria. Two 
volumes. Price, $5 per set. 

Murison (B. and A.). History of Babylonia and 
Assyria. Bible-class Primers. Price, 20 cents net. 

Johns. The Oldest Code of Laws in the World: The 
Code of Laws Promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Baby- 
lon. Price, 75 cents net. 

Davies. The Codes of Hammurabi and Moses. 

Price, 75 cents net. 

Bobertson. The Poetry and Eeligion of the Psalms. 

Price, $3.50. 

Kent. The Wise Men of Israel. Price, $1.25. 

Davidson (Job). The Book of Job. The Cambridge 
Bible for Schools. Perhaps still the best commentary on 
Job that exists. Price, $1.25 net. 

Cob em. Ezekiel and Daniel. Price, $2. 

Eist. Geo. H. L., or Smith. The Historical Geog- 
raphy of the Holy Land. George Adam Smith. A most 
inspiring book; by far the best in its class. Price, $4.50. 



12 Studies in the Old Testament. 

Stewart The Land of Israel. Price, $1.50. 

Calkin. Historical Geography of Bible Lands. 

Price, $1 net. 

MacCoun. The Holy Land in Geography and His- 
tory. Two volumes. Price, $2. 

Hurlbut. Bible Atlas: A Manual of Biblical Geog- 
raphy and History. Price, $1.50 net. 

Bib. Diet Any good Bible dictionary. That by J. D. 
Davis is useful for one of moderate cost, and presents 
a conservative position in respect of every question. 

Price, $2 net. 

Hast. Bib. Diet. Dictionary of the Bible, edited by 
James Hastings. In general it embodies a high standard 
of reverent scholarship, and represents a moderate, med- 
iating position. Four regular volumes and extra volume. 
Charles Scribner's Sons. Sold only by subscription. 

Bib. Eney. The Bible Encyclopaedia and Scriptural 
Dictionary, edited by Bishop Samuel Fallows. Three vol- 
umes. The Howard-Severance Company. Sold only by 
subscription. 

A. v.. Authorized Version; E. V., Eevised Version; 
Am. v., American Eevised Version. (The last is used 
regularly for Scripture quotations in the text-book.) 
Reference Carefully selected reference library lists, made up from 
* the above list of books, with price for each set, will be 
sent on application by the Bureau of Bible Study, 57 
Washington Street, Chicago, 111. 
Sketch Maps As the chronological and map features of the Old Tes- 
*° * tament are much more varied than those of the New 

Testament, the three colored maps and chronological table 
in the text-book are supplemented by a number of sketch 
maps and charts, the whole affording a basis for many 
interesting individual and class exercises. It is strongly 
recommended that the suggestions for map work be car- 
ried out in notebook and class work as far as possible. 



Opening Suggestions. 13 

Taking even the simple lessons of the text-book as a oid Testament 
background, and consulting with care one or more of tiie^°^^J','^ 
reference books, any student would gain most valuable 
results by writing a biography of some of the more im- 
portant Old Testament characters, or a story of one or 
more of the epochs of the history, and illustrating the same 
with maps, charts, and pictures. Joseph and the Land of 
Eg3rpt, Moses, Joshua and the ■ Conquest, Samuel, David, 
Daniel and the Exile, Nehemiah and the Eestoration, the 
Hebrew Prophets, afford a list from which a selection 
can be made. 

If any wish to arrange Scripture material in their note- scriptur* 
books, the passages for the daily readings for the course ^"^y"***^® 
may be clipped from a thirty-five-cent copy of the American 
Revised Version, using the titles of the Parts and Studies 
and the several days for each lesson as the framework. 

In submitting the results of that which has been an Acknowiedg- 
arduous, but delightful, task, we desire especially to ac- 
knowledge our obligations for the encouragement 
and counsel from the beginning given in such 
fraternal fashion by Professor R. W. Rogers, of 
Drew Theological Seminary; for the reading of 
the work in manuscript and valuable suggestions by 
Professor F. C. Eiselen, of Garrett Biblical Institute; for 
the preparation of the postlude at the end of the Narra- 
tive in each Study by Dr. W. F. Anderson, Corresponding 
Secretary of the Board of Education and President of the 
Spiritual Culture Society; and for the most considerate 
Tesponse of professors and ministers in the Presbyterian, 
Baptist, and Congregational Churches, as an estimate was 
sought of the best reference literature for the course. 



LIST OF MAPS AND CHAETS. 



a. 



COLORED MAPS. 



Map 1. The TwEiiVK Tribes, - - - Frontispiece. Pa&e 

Map 2. JOURNEYINGS OF ISBAEL, facing 4 

Map 8. Asstkiak and Babylonian Captivities, - " 14 

b. PHYSICAL SKETCH MAP. 

Map L. Ckntkaij Bible Lands, 18 

c. SKETCH MAPS. 

Map 4. STEiiiiAB Universe,. ....... 27 

Map 5. Plain and Garden of Eden, ----- 85 

Map 6. Early Nations and Peoples, . - - . . 42 

Map 7. From Babylonia to Egypt, 49 

Map 8. Field or -ihe Exodus, 62 

Map 9. Plain gw Esdraelon and Northward, - - 77 

Map 10. Central Palestine, Samuel to David, ... 84 

Map 11. Philistines, Samson, David, Saul, ... 90 

Map 12. Kingdom of David and Solomon, .... 97 

Map 13. Early Jerusalem, 104 

Map 14. After Time of Solomon, Ill 

Map 15. Persian and Greek Periods, 183 

Map 16. Jerusalem of Later Old Testament, - . . 140 

Map 17. Assyrian Peril of Jerusalem, .... 175 

Map 18. Eastern Biblical Field, _-.... 133 

Map 19. Rivals fob Possession of Palestine, - - 190 

Map 20. Palestine Toward New Testament Times, - - 199 



d. CHARTS. 

Chart A. Place of Genesis in the Old Testament, 

Chart B. Hebrew Monarchies, 

Chart O. Hebrew Prophets, . . - - . 

14 



44 
120 
168- 



OUTLINE 

OF 

PARTS, STUDY TITLES, AND SCRIPTURE 
MATERIAL. 



part I. 

m THE BEGINNING. 
From not less than 7000-4.000 B. C. to 2500 B. 0, 

STUDY PAGE 

1. Ckeation of the World an"d Man, - - 23 

Gen. i, ii. 

2. Begin^n^ings of Sik and Redemption, - - 31 

Gen. iii. 

3. FiBST Names in the Race Record and the 

Flood, 38 

Gen. iv — xi, 9. 

part II. 

HEBREW RACE FATHERS. 
From about 2500 B. C, to about 1300 B. C, 

4. Abraham AND Isaac, 45 

Gen. xi, 10— xxviii, 9 ; xxxv, 27-29. 

5. Jacob and Joseph, 52 

Gen. XXV, 19—1, 26. 

Part IIL 

HEBREW NATION FOUNDERS. 
From about 1300 B. C, to 1217 B. C. 

6. Moses and the Law, 58 

Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy. 

7. Joshua and the Conquest, - - - 6& 

Joshua. 

15 



i6 Studies in the Old Testament. 

part IT* 

HEBREW NATION BUILDERS. 
From mil B, 0, to 1027 B. C, 

STUDY FA&B 

8. The Early Judges, 73 

Judges, Ruth. 

9. Samuel, . _ 80 

1 Sam. i — XXV, 1. 



Part T* 

HEBREW NATIONAL LIFE. 
From 1027 B. C. to J^ B. C. 

10. Saul, 86 

1 Sam. ix — 2 Sam. i. 

11. David, 93 

1 Sam. xvi — ^xxxi ; 2 Sam. ; 1 Kings i — ii, 12 ; 

1 Chron. x — xxix. 

12. Solomon, 100 

2 Sam. xii, 24, 25; 1 Kings i — xi; 1 Chron. 
xxviii — 2 Chron. ix. 

13. Rehoboam and Jeeoboam, - . . _ 107 

1 Kings xi, 26— xiv, 31 ; 2 Ohron. ix, 31— xii. 

14. The Northern Kingdom to Its Close, - - 114 

1 Kings xiv, 20—2 Kings xvii. 

15. The Southern Kingdom to Captivity, - 121 

1 Kings xiv, 31 — 2 Kings xxv, 21 ; 2 Chron. xii, 
16— xxxvi, 21. 

16. In Exile and Restoration, to 4 B. C, - 128 

2 Kings xxv, 22-29 ; 2 Chron. xxxvi, 22, 23 ; Ezra, 
Nehemiah, Esther. 



part TI» 

HEBREW SINGERS AND WISDOM WRITERS. 
From aiout 1017 B. 0. to about 250 B, C. 

17. The Psalms, 136 

Psalms. 

18. Proverbs and Song of Solomon, - - - 144 

Proverbs, Song of Solomon. 

19. Job and Ecclesiastes, 151 

Job, Ecclesiastes. 



Outline. 17 

part Til. 

HEBREW PROPHETS AND TEACHERS. 
From about 860 B. C. to about 300 B. C. 

«TUDT PAOB 

20. Elijah and Elisha, 157 

1 Kings xvii, 1 — 2 Kings xiii, 21. 

21. Amos and Hosea, 164 

Amos, Hosea. 

1i2. MiCAH AND Isaiah, 171 

Micah, Isaiah. 

23. Jeremiah and Ezekiel, - _ _ . 173 

Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel. 

24. Daniel, 186 

Daniel. 

25. The Closing Line of Minor Prophets, - 194 

(Amos, Hosea, Micah) ; Nahum, Zephaniah, 
Habakkuk, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, Joel, 
Obadiah, Jonah. 



PHYSIGALSKETCEMAP 
CEINTIIAL BIBLE LAKDS ^ ^AM^rtfl 




C- H.M0R6AH 



CHEONOLOGY 

OF 

THE OLD TESTAMENT. 



[Roman numeral indicates number of Study ; N, Narrative opening 
Study.] 

PART I. 

T7SSHSB 

{Probably "^ 
not less than 
7000-6000 I ^^ 

B.C.iJ 
Deluge, III, N 5000-2500 2348 

PART II. 

Age of Abraham, IV, N 2300-17002 1921 

Descent of Israel into Egypt, V, N 2100-15003 1706 

PART ni. 

Exodus, VI, N 1400-12004 1491 

Wilderness Wandering, 40 years, VII, 

N, closing 1237 1451 

Period of Conquest, Joshua, elders, 20 

years, closing 1217* 46 yrs. 1405 

1 Warren Upham In the Bibliotheca Sacra, 1893, presents strong 
evidence to show that the ice sheets of the glacial era " disappeared 
from North America and Europe from 6,000 to 10,000 years ago;" and 
Professor G. Frederick Wright, in the same journal, 1895, says: '-All the 
evidence tends ... to prove that late glacial (or post-glacial) man 
. . . came down appx'oximately to within some 10,000 years of our 
own times." Some would perhaps now even reduce these estimates. 

2 As the era of Abraham is regarded by most scholars as contem- 
porary with that of Hammurabi, probably the best date is about 2250 
B. C, although fresh light may fix the date more clearly. 

3 The descent of Israel into Egypt is generally placed In the period 
of the Hyksos kings, which is viewed as extending from about 2098 B. O. 
to 1587 or 1530 B. C. Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 898; II, 771 ; Ottley, 307. 

4 Sayce, Early History of the Hebrews, 151, in view of the allusion to 
the Israelites by Merenptah on his stele in 1276 B. C, would make the 
date of the Exodus 1277 B. C, and this meets with approval by Driver 
(Gen.),xxix; Ottley, 56. 

fi As Paterson makes the period of Joshua and the elders seventeen 
years, but others make it a somewhat longer time, twenty years would 
seem a reasonable figure. 

19 



20 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



PART IV. 

nSSHBB 

Early Judges, Othniel — Samson, VIII, 

N, 130 years, closing 1087 285 yrs. 1120 

Eli, 40 years, IX, N 1087-1047 1181-1141 

Samuel, 20 years, IX, N 1047-1027 1135-1095 

PART V. 

Saul, 10 years,* X, N 1027-1017 40 yrs. 1095-1055 

David, 40 years, XI, N 1017-977 1055-1015 

Solomon, 40 years, XII, N 977-937 1015-975 

Kehoboam, 17 years, XIII, N 937-920 975-957 

Abijam, 8 years, XIII, N 920-917 957-955 

Jeroboam, 22 years, XIII, N 937-915 975-954 



Northern Kingdom, 215 years, XIV, N.. 937-722 254 yrs. 975-721 

Kings of Israel and dates of beginning 
of reigns:' 

Jeroboam 22 years 

Nadab 2 " 

Baasha 24 ** 

Elah 2 " 

Zimri 7 days 

Omri 12 years 

Ahab 22 " 

Ahaziah 2 '* 

Joram 12 " 

Jehu 28 " 

Jehoahaz 16 " 

Joash 17 " 

Jeroboam II ...41 ** 

Zachariah 6 months 

Shallum 1 month 

Menahem 10 years 

Pekahiah 2 " 

Pekah 20 " 

Hoshea 9 '* 

End of Northern Kingdom 



937 


975 


915 


954 


914 


953 


900) 
890; 


930 


899) 
889 


929 


899» 
8891 


929 


875 


918 


853 


898 


852 


896 


842 


886 


815 


856 


798 


841 


782 


825 


741 


773 


741 


772 


741 


772 


737 


761 


736 


759 


734 


730 


722 


721 



6 Hast. Bib. Diet., 1, 899. 

7 Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 401, column (/). 



Chronology. 21 



Southern Kingdom, 351 years, XV, N... 937-586 887 yrs. 975-588 

Kings of Judah and dates of beginning 
of reigns : ^ 

Eehoboam 17 years 

Abijam 3 '' 

Asa 41 ** 

Jehoshaphat ....25 " 

Jehoram 8 ** 

Ahaziah 1 " 

Athaliah 6 " 

Joash 40 " 

Amaziah 29 " 

Uzziah 52 " 

Jotham 16 " 

Ahaz 16 " 

Hezekiah 29 " 

Manasseh 55 " 

Amon 2 " 

Josiah 31 " 

Jehoahaz 3 months 

Jehoiakim 11 years 

Jehoiachin 3 months 

Zedekiah 11 years 

Destruction of Jerusalem 586 

Exile and Kestoration, XYI, 586-4 B. C. 
Daniel and others taken to Babylon.. 606 607 
Cyrus's decree for return from Baby- 
lon 538 536 

Temple of Solomon destroyed 586 588 

Temple of Zerubbabel dedicated 516 616 

Interval in each case, about 70 years. 
Main deportations from Judah in 597 

and 586. 

Return of 42,360 with Zerubbabel 537 or 536 536 

Return of 1,000 with Ezra 458 457 

Visits of Nehemiah to Jerusalem 445 & 433 445 & 434 

Events of the Book of Esther occur 

between these last named dates. 

Persian period of Jewish history 537-333 

Greek ** " " 333-167 

Maccabean " " '* 167-63 

Roman " " " 63-4 

8 Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 401, column ( c ). 

* Indicates where reigns probably overlap because of a co-regency. 

The other cases in the lists of kings, where two dates are brack- 



937 


975 


920 


957 


917 


955 


876 


914 


851 


889 


843 


885 


842 


884 


836 


878 


796 


838 


*7891 
767 f 


810 


*753) 
787 


758 


735 


742 


•726 ( 
715 J 


726 


697 > 
686$ 


698 


641 


643 


639 


641 


608 


610 


608 


610 


597 


599 


597 


599 


586 


588 



22 Studies in the Old Testament. 



PART VI. 

Psalms, written, XVII, N, from time of David onward. 

Proverbs, written, XVIII, N, ** " " Solomon *' 

Song of Solomon, wi-itten, XVIII, N," ** " 
Job, wi'itten, XIX, N, " '' ** Hezekiah " 

Ecclesiastes, written, XIX, N, • " 400-250 

PART vn. 

Prophetic period of Elijah, XX, N 860-852 

" " Elisha, XX, N 852-797 

" " Amos, XXI, N 755 

" " Hosea, XXI, N 750-735 

" " Micah, XXII, N .... 736-700 

" " Isaiah, XXII, N .... 738-698 

" " Jeremiah, XXIII, N.... 626-580 

" " Ezekiel, XXIII, N, 593-570 
Book of Lamentations, written, XXHT, N, 586-536 
Kecorded life of Daniel, XXIV, N, and 

Fifth Day 606-535 

Book of Daniel, written, XXIV, N, in time of Daniel or of the 
Maccabees. 

Nahum, written, XXV, N 664-607 

Zephaniah, " " *' 626-621 

Habakkuk " " " 605 

Haggai, " " " 520-516 

Zechariah, " " " 520-516 { J^SJaps'^f ^^r" 

Malachi, " " " 460-440 

Joel, " " '' 837-817 {°X';?|£^ 

Obadiah, " ** '' 845 or 586 

Jonah, date of life, " " 795-730 

'' "book," " 745 or, 400-300 



eted, are at points where Assyrian and Hebrew history seem to require 
that some years be taken from the reign of one king and added to that 
of another, as ten years from Baasha added to Omri. In the Chart on 
Hebrew Monarchies, p. 120, of the text-book, the date of the beginning of 
Jotham's reign has been made 751 B. C, as is implied in statement of 
Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 402, and the closing reigns of the kingdom of Israel 
are modified to conform to Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 401, column (/), as given 
above. "When it is remembered that exact chronology is a thing of 
modern times, the Biblical data for this diflacult period are seen to 
yield remarkably favorable results. 



PART I. 
fN THE BEGINNING. 



FIRST "VATEIEK. 
CREATION" OF THE WORLD AND MAN. 



STUDY I.— First Day. Memory Verse, Gen. i, 1. 
Read Psa. viii. 



Narrative. 

It is not possible to add to the completeness and power Genesis as 

Related to 
the Bible. 



of the first verse of the Bible, "In the beginning God *^^*'^'* *° 



created the heavens and the earth." Genesis, of which 
the verse forms the opening sentence, not only stands as 
the first book of the Bible, but also as the first of the five 
Books of Moses. These are called the Pentateuch, which 
means "five books," or "fivefold volume." They were also 
together called by the Jews "The Law," which, with "The 
Prophets" and "The Writings," made up the Jewish or 
Old Testament Scriptures. The name "Genesis" comes 
from the Septuagint or Greek version of the Old Testa- 
ment, made about 250 B. C, in which the Greek for the 
Hebrew name has this form. As it means "origin" 
or "beginning," it is a very proper name for this 
book, which has been called "The Book of Beginnings."^ 

A brief outline of Genesis is given under Second Day items in its 
in Studies I, TV, In addition, it may be stated, that, in alJI^^I® °* 
general way, Genesis gives an account of the beginning 
of the world and mankind, of sin and redemption, of the 

1 Beardslee, 82; Ottley (H. P.), 1. 
23 



24 Studies in the Old Testament. 

Sabbath and of marriage, of the primitive family, com- 
munity, peoples, and the chosen race, of prayer and sac- 
rifice, of promise and prophecy, of language and the arts^ 
and of civilization and history. When one considers how 
much it means to have light thrown on the origin of all 
these things, it will be clear that Genesis is one of the 
most remarkable books of the Bible. 

opening Por- The first two chapters of Genesis, covered by the pres- 
5cte^. ^^^ Study, are concerned chiefly with the creation of the 
world and of man. It can not properly be expected that 
the account of creation given here should be distinctly 
scientific, for the Bible is not a book of science, but of 
religion. Far less can it be detnanded that the statements 
should embody the current conceptions of modern science, 
since these have greatly changed their form even within 
the past fifty years, and are still open to large modifica- 
tions. 

view of Same All that can fairly be asked is that the Biblical account 
* shall be consistent with the assured results of science, 
while permitting it to be clothed in Oriental and Hebrew 
conceptions and terms. Many eminent geologists, such as 
Hugh Miller, James D. Dana, Guyot, and Dawson, with 
other scientists, have given their verdict that it is thus 
consistent. The following may be offered as bearing on 
this point: 
Order in "In Gencsis, first of all, creation is spoken of as ^in 
Creation. ^^^ beginning,' a period of indefinite, possibly of most 
remote distance in the past; secondly, the progress of the 
preparation of the earth's surface is described as gradually 
advancing from the rocks to the vegetable world, then 
gradually mounting up, through birds and mammals, till 
it culminates in man. This is the course of creation as 
popularly described in Genesis; and the rocks give their 
testimony, at least in the general, to the same order and 
progress.'"^ 



2 Bishop Browne, quoted in Blaikie, 13. 



In the Beginning. 25 

The objections which have been raised to this view Parallel with 
appear to lose much if not all of their force when the ^•®****''' 
Bible is treated as a book of religion, and is expected 
to give the broad outlines of the work of creation, and not, 
of necessity, the special distinctions of exact, modern sci- 
ence. Professor A. C. Zenos especially notes that the 
records of the creation, in geology and Genesis, are par- 
allel; they move upon different planes, "but these two 
planes are parallel to one another. The geological ac- 
count is a nineteenth-century grouping of certain facts, 
with a view to satisfying a scientific need; the Genesis 
account is a pre-Christian presentation emphasizing the 
place of God in the origin of the world. Perfect corre- 
spondence between them does not exist. And yet a gen- 
eral similarity of order can not be denied."^ 

As to the supreme value of the Biblical account of Key to Liie'a 
creation. Professor Whitehouse says that "it furnishes 
us with the only key that can solve the dark riddle of life. 
It sets God above the great complex world-process, and 
yet closely linked with it, as a personal intelligence and 
will that rules victoriously and without a rival. As the 
supreme object of his creative energy, it sets man, fash- 
ioned in his Divine likeness, to be the ruler of created 
things. All else is secondary, and it is for scientific inves- 
tigation to determine the exact details of those interme- 
diate steps in the stupendous ascent whereby God's work 
advanced along the vistas of past time to the dawn of 
human existence. But without that clear and sublime 
attestation at the threshold of the inspired record of the 
personal source from which all has flowed, and of the 
unique worth and dignity of man, and his near kinship 
with that source, surely human life would have been far 
darker and more hopeless, and its deepest problems would 
have remained unsolved. Upon this basis, laid broad and 
clear in Genesis, the revelation of the New Covenant of 



3 Bib. Ency., I, 463. 



26 Studies in the Old Testament. 

Eedemption in Christ Jesus rests. For the mediatorial 
work of Christ rests on the Fatherhood of the Creator of 
all things, and on the supreme worth of man, whom Jesus 
came to save."* 
Parity of As bearing on the freedom of the Mosaic cosmology 
Rey^ation! ^^^^ ^^^^^ elements as compared with all other ancient 
accounts of creation, the following statement of Professor 
Sayce may be noted: "The cosmology of Babylonia is 
thickly overgrown and intertwined with polytheistic, 
mythological, and even materialistic elements; in the cos- 
mology of Genesis these are all swept away, and in place 
of them the doctrine is proclaimed that there is but one 
God, the Creator of the whole universe."^ 



"And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of 
the waters." By His agency chaos gave way to 
systems, confusion to order. The Spirit of God 
works to this end always. His unfolding forms 
the progressive principle of history. He is the 
Organizer of civilization. He it is who makes the 
deserts of human life to "rejoice and blossom as 
the rose." 



STUDY I. — Second Day. Memory Verse, Gen. i, 3. 

Eead Gen. i, 1-8, 14-19. A very helpful idea, men- 
tioned by Davis, 14-20, is that a principle of grouping 
marks the narrative in this chapter, so as to distribute 
the work of creation into six days or periods, followed by 
the period of Divine rest, thus filling out the ideal of the 
week and the Sabbath. So the record of the fourth day 
is placed to be read along with that of the general creation 
and arrangement of the heavens and the earth before life 
began. 



4 Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 507. 

« Sayce (Mon. Facts), 110. See also Ottley, 7, 8; Burney, 98-04. 



In the Beginning. 



27 



Scripture Outline. First Division of Genesis. 

The Primeval Period, Gen. i — xi, 26: (1) Generations of 
the heavens and the earth, Gen. i— iv ; (2) Of Adam, v, 1 — ^vi, 8 ; 
(3) Of Noah, vi, .9— ix, 29 ; (4) Of the sons of Noah, x, 1— xi, 9 ; 
(5) Of Shem, xi, 10-26. For Second Div., see Study IV. 

STUDY I. — Third Day. Memory Verse, Psa. cxlv, 16. 

Eead Gen. i, 9-13, 20-25. In these few verses is indi- 
cated, in a marvelous way for a narrative produced so 
long ago, the whole development of life on the earth up to 
the point where man appears. Short as is the account, 
it is wonderfully open to harmony with life development, 
heredity, environment, and other working ideas of mod- 
em biology. 

Suggestions for Map Work. 

If any of the students or classes desire to make sim- 
ple diagrams, illustrating the possible nebular origin of 




Map 4. Stellar Univesse.^ 

the solar system, and the rock and life history of the earth, 
as given by astronomy and geology, let them know that 

6 Diagram reproduced from Wallace, Man's Place in the Universe, 
1296. The sun's orbit is supposed to be located at the black spot marked 
S, toward the outer part of the central solar cluster; and the entire 
diagram shows a space which takes light 3,600 years to cross. 



28 Studies in the Old Testament. 

nothing here forbids their efforts. Such methods in cre- 
ation, in so far as they are proved to be real, in the judg- 
ment of multitudes of Christian believers, only add to the 
wisdom and glory of God as Creator, and to the truth 
of this record in Genesis. 

STUDY i. — Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. i, 27. 

Eead Gen. i, 26 — ii, 3. Dods, 9-14, beautifully states 
some of the truths that are taught in these chapters. One 
of the profoundest results of science is to demonstrate that, 
as far as can be known, man is the crown of creation, 
and the incarnation is highest of all God's works, — man 
made in God's image and after His likeness. Wallace even 
seeks to show, on purely scientific grounds, that the earth 
is probably the only world on which life has been de- 
veloped in all the stellar universe.'^ 

General References. 

Blaikie, 9-18; Ottley, 6-10; Barnicott, 1-3; Beardslee, 30- 
34 ; Burney, 10-25 ; Matheson, 1, 23-33 ; Davis, 1-62 ; Price, 80-88, 
94-96; Bib. Ency., art. "Cosmogony." 

STUDY I. — Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. ii, 7. 

Eead Gen. ii, 4-15. While the critical views would 
take the first words of verse 4 and place them at the be- 
ginning of chapter i, and then count what is left the 
beginning of a second document, other writers explain 
these opening verses as a brief summing up of what has 
gone before, introductory to a new section, and make the 
joining of "Jehovah" to the name of '^God" as the sign 
that the Creator comes into a closer relation with man. 
It is now thought that the description of Eden places it 
in the Babylonian plain, and that the Hiddekel is the 
Tigris, and the Pishon and Gihon may be among the 
early canals or tributaries of the Euphrates and Tigris. 



7 Alfred Russell Wallace, Man''s Place in the Universe, (1903). 



In the Beginning. 29 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Ciass-work. 

1. The existence of God and his power and wisdom in cre- 
ation. Gen. i, 1, 31 ; Ex. iii, 14 ; Psa. xc, 2 ; xii, 1 ; Isa. xl, 26 ; 
Jer. xxxii, 27; Mark x, 27; Psa. civ, 24; Job xxxviii, 31-36; 
Rom. xi, 3a-36 ; i, 20. 

2. Meaning of the two names, " God" (Elohim), and " Je- 
hovah." Bib. Diet. ; Burney, 11-26. 

3. Work of the six creative days or periods. Gen. i, 3-31; 
Blaikie, 12 ; Barnicott, 1, 2. 

4. Man's place in nature, and in the Divine plan. Gen. i, 
26-29; ii, 7; Barnicott, 2; Davis, 46, 47; Dods, 11-14; Wallace, 
Man's Place in the Universe, especially 305-320. 

5. The rest of God and the Sabbath for man. Gen. ii, 2, 3; 
Blaikie, 12, 15, 16 ; Price, 85, 86 ; Davis, 23-25. 

6. Location of Eden, and lessons that may be drawn from 
the description of Paradise or "the garden." Gen. ii, 8-17; 
Matheson, I, 29-33 ; Price, 87, 88 ; Davis, 56-62. (See Map 5.) 

7. Moral truths or relations taught in the account of wo- 
man's creation and the first marriage. Gen. ii, 18-25; Davis, 
50-54. 

STUDY I.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. ii, 18. 

Read Gen. ii, 18-25. The account of the creation of 
Eve seems fitted to show the close organic relation of man 
and woman. "In every respect the conception is pure 
and satisfying.'^® "The man at once recognizes in the 
woman one intimately related to himself, and fitted to be 
his intellectual and moral consort."^ 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. Into what three parts did the Jews divide the Old Testa- 
ment? See Narrative ; and Beardslee, 17. 

2. What two names are given to the first five Old Testa- 
ment books taken together ? See Narrative ; Beardslee, 19. 

3. Make a list of some of the things the beginning of which 
is recorded in Genesis. 

4. Taking five things, — rocks or ** dry land," mammals, 
plants, man, birds, — arrange them in the order given in Gene- 
sis, i, 9-27. 

5. Why is the naming of the animals brought into the 
midst of the story of the making of woman ? 

8 Worcester, Genesis in the lAght of Modern Knowledge, (1901), 160, 161. 

9 Driver (Gen.), 43. 



30 Studies in the Old Testament. 

STUDY 1. — Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Psa. civ, 24. 
Eead Psa. civ, 1-24. 

Personal Thought. 

''God. said, Let us make man in our image, after our 
likeness." (Gen. i, 26.) 

This is what God has been ever saying since that time ; 
and never were Divinely fashioned and attuned men and 
women so numerous in our world as now. But it requires 
your help to bring you more completely into likeness with 
God. 



I 



PART I.— SECOND WEEK. 
BEGINNINGS OF SIN AND REDEMPTION 



STUDY II.— First Day. Memory Verses, Gen. ii, 16, 17. 
Read Rom. iii, 10-24. 

Narrative. 

The beginnings of sin and redemption are related in Message to 
the third chapter of Genesis in a simple and picturesque *J*"*"*^ 
manner that brings these profound facts, acknowledged 
by students both of history and of human nature to be 
among the most momentous phases of man's life, with 
great force and clearness to the common, and even be- 
nighted, peoples who have constituted the large part of 
former generations, and who even now comprise most 
of the world's population. 

There is recorded, at the first, a simple state of inno-Edenic sketch, 
cence, like the period of childhood in the individual. This 
Eden period has often been described in too glowing 
colors. The Genesis record shows that man at the begin- 
ning was morally very much like a guileless child, and 
that his possessions, food, and occupation were of the sim- 
plest and most primitive character. Whatever view, there- 
fore, one may accept as to the origin of man, it will not 
be difficult to find the ground of agreement with a scien- 
tific view in this brief Biblical sketch. 

As man, at this time, found nourishment and chiefly Path of 
exercised his powers in the vegetable and fruit realm, it'^®***"^* 
is written that by means of two trees were presented to 
him the paths leading toward his future destiny. If the 
tree of life opened the way to immortality as the reward 
of character to be won, the tree of the knowledge of good 

31 



32 Studies in the Old Testament. 

and evil brought the test of obedience and self-control 
through which true wisdom could alone be gained. 
Element* oi All the great elements of temptation are indicated in 

em ®"*this brief record (Gen. iii, 1-6). From without comes 
the appeal of the spirit of evil in the guise of the serpent, 
holding up the forbidden fruit and the false ideal of what 
it will do, with a covert undermining of confidence in the 
goodness of God. Three distinct ranges of man^s nature 
from lower to higher are solicited: The senses, "the tree 
was good for food;'' the soul in its love of beauty, "it 
was a delight to the eyes;" the spiritual nature in its 
craving to know and grasp the unseen, "to be desired to 
make one wise," or "ye shall be as God" (vs. 5, 6). It 
would not be difficult to show that these agree with the 
three temptations of Christ, and with the three items of 
the summary of John, "the lust of the flesh and the lust 
of the eyes and the vainglory of life" (Matt iv, 1-10; 
1 John ii, 16). 

Origin and The deepest thought applied to the problem has been 
n. ^^jg ^^ frame no better account of the origin of sin than 
to say that it arose from an abuse of freedom. Sin was 
not necessary, but it was possible, if man was made cap- 
able of moral life, and God could not prevent this possi- 
bility without subtracting something from the worth of 
human nature. Sin is nothing belonging to man's real 
nature, but only the perverted or wrong activity of the 
nature.^ 
Dalliance and The sin of Eve began in her being willing to listen to 

*** * the tempter when he sought to show that God had not 

spoken truly. Then she looked at the fruit and reflected 
when she should have fled. In a measure she was "be- 
guiled" or deceived (1 Tim. ii, 14), but the substance of 
her sin as well as that of Adam was disobedience. (Ys. 
17; Eom. v, 19). 



lOlarke, An Outline of Christian Theology, 281-242; Denney, Tfie 
Atonement and the Modern Mind, 110; Van Dyke, The Gospel for an Age 
o/J)om6«, 23&-24l,266. 



In the Beginning. 33 



"The actual experience of sin is like the one taste of Effects of 
alcohol to a reclaimed drunkard. It seems to have tapped **** ''"*'* 
a spring of evil within us."^ Terrible results follow: 
^Tirst, the guilt and shame, then the fear, then the guile, 
then the selfishness, then the suffering, and disappoint- 
ment, and death."^ The penalty pronounced upon Adam 
and Eve (Gen. iii, 16-19), means that sin alters the entire 
relations of the sinner to God, to nature, and to life. 

The besrinninffs of redemption, as ffiven here, may be Beginnings of 

. .1 -r^- . -in ,1 , ,-, 1 i. .1 Redemption. 

seen m the Divme pledge that the seed of the woman 
should bruise the serpent's head (vs. 15) ; in the new 
hope with which Adam could bestow the name "Life" 
(Eve) upon his companion (vs. 20) ; and in the provision 
of God by which, not with fig-leaves of their own arrange- 
ment (vs. 7), but with the skins of animals, which spoke 
of pain and blood-shedding, they were clothed, and iji 
symbol their sin was atoningly covered (vs. 21). And while 
the earthly Eden was lost, and watchful cherubim guarded 
the way leading to its tree of life (vs. 22-24), the first 
brief stages had been opened of the long course of redemp- 
tion, which was to bring unnumbered multitudes at last 
into the heavenly paradise, with full right to come to its 
tree of life and partake of its perpetual fruits. (Eev. ii, 
7; xxii, 2, 14.) 



By the will of man comes the stream of the 
world's sin and woe. Out of the love of God 
springs the river of redemption which makes glad 
the city of God. And so, "where sin abounded, 
grace did much more abound." 



STUDY II. — Second Day. Memory Verse, Gen. iii, 6. 

Eead Gen. iii, 1-8. While neither Biblical nor scien- 
tific interpretation has spoken its last word, it is to be 



2 Dods, 23. 

3 Gibson, Ages Before Moses, 

3 



34 Studies in the Old Testament. 

noted that their lines of thought seem to converge to a 
common center, as is shown by these sentences from a 
recent work: "Sin and redemption, respectively, are but 
the abnormal and the normalized evolution of humanity."* 
^'From the universality of moral evil throughout the re- 
corded history of mankind, two inferences are obvious: 
First, the ^falF took place before the dispersion. . . . 
Secondl}^, the world's disaster was caused by the base 
choice of the jirst heing so endowed with reason as to en- 
title him to the designation, Man/'^ 

Scripture Outline. 

Chapter names of the first twenty-five chapters of Genesis : 
1. Creation; 2. Man and woman; 3. The fall; 4. Cain and 
Abel ; 5. New line of Seth ; 6. Wickedness, the ark ; 7. The 
flood ; 8. Leaving the ark, sacrifice ; 9. Covenant with Noah ; 
10. Nations; 11. Babel, line from Shem to Abram; 12. 
Abram's call ; 13. Separation ; 14. Victory ; 15. Promise to 
Abram ; 16. Birth of Ishmael ; 17. Covenant with Abraham ; 
18. Prayer for Sodom ; 19. Cities of the Plain destroyed ; 20. 
Abraham in Gerar; 21. Birth of Isaac; 22. Abraham tried; 
23. Death of Sarah ; 24. Isaac's Marriage ; 25. Death of Abra- 
ham, birth of Esau and Jacob. 



STUDY II.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Gen. iii, 9. 

Eead Gen. iii, 9-14, 16-19. As a further evidence of 
the approximation of scientific phrase and Biblical state- 
ment, compare this Scripture passage with the following: 
"Evolution and a fall can not be inconsistent. Each of us 
individually has risen into moral life from a mode of 
being which was purely natural, . . . has been a sub- 
ject of evolution; but each of us has also fallen."^ 



4 President A. H. Strong, Introductory Note (p. xlii) to "Wilkin's 
Control in Evolution, (1903). 
6 Same work, 118. 
6 Denney, The Atonement and the Modern Mind, 81, 82. 



In the Beginning. 



35 



Suggestions for Map Work. 

A study of the more recent views as to the location of 
Eden and the Garden of Eden. See Map 5. 




Nar Marratu/7? or 
'Bitter River" extended 
northwest, perhaps 



Map 5. Plain and Garden of Eden. 

STUDY II. — Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. iii, 15. 

Bead Gen. iii, 15, 20-24. "The Bible ... is a 
revelation, not because it has been canonized, but because 
it contains the history of the Eedeemer and our redemp- 
tion."^ There is given here the very first beginnings of this 
history. Note that labor itself is not a curse, for it was 
given before the fall, but only the thorns and thistles, the 
effort and pain, associated with labor after the fall. 

General References. 

Blaikie, 16-24 ; Ottley, 10, 11 ; Barnicott, 3-5 ; Beardslee, 34 ; 
Burney, 94, 95; Matheson, I, 23-44; Price, 88, 89; Davis, 64-84; 
Dods, 15-27; Hast. Bib. Diet., art. ''Fall." 

STUDY ll.~Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. iii, 20. 

Eead Job xxxi, 1-4, 24-40. This chapter has points 
of kinship with the subject of the lesson, since it sug- 
gests many forms of temptation that might appeal to Job, 



7 Fairbairn, The Place of Christ in Modern TJieology, 508. 



36 Studies in the Old Testament. 

and gives his clear knowledge of the penalties that would 
follow transgression. Yerse 33 even refers to the case of 
Adam seeking to hide his sin, and the closing verses almost 
repeat the thought of Gen. iii, 18, that the earth must 
oppose thistles and noxious weeds to the evil-doer. 



Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment In 
CI ass-work. 

1. Sin sure of discovery. Gen. iii, 8-11; iv, 9, 10; xliv, 16; 
Num. xxxii, 23; Josh, vii, 11, 16-18; 1 Sam. xv, 23, 24; 2 Sam. 
xii, 7, 12 ; 2 Kings v, 25-27. 

2. The personal evil spirit. G«n. iii, 1, 14, 15; Blaikie, 18, 
19 ; Burney, 94, 95 ; Davis, 68-77. 

3. The meaning and effect of the fall. Gen. iii, 6, 7, 22, 23 ; 
Blaikie, 19 ; Ottley, 10 ; Matheson, I, 33-43 ; Dods, 19-24. 

4. The primal Gospel promise. Gen. iii, 15; Blaikie, 20; 
Ottley, 10, 11. 

5. The mission of pain. Gen. iii, 16. 

6. The good and the ill of labor. Gen. ii, 15; iii, 17-19; 
Blaikie, 16. 

7. The Cherubim. Gen. iii, 24; Davis, 78-84. 



STUDY II.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. iii, 21. 

Eead 2 Sam. xii, 7-14. Perhaps the most touching 
and surprising fall recorded in the Bible, next to that of 
Adam and Eve, is that of David. But for him also there 
W£LS opened a way of pardon, and this passage discloses 
his penitence and restoration to God's favor. 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. What is regarded by many as the best explanation of 
the origin of sin ? See Narrative. 

2. Who was the real tempter of Eve? 

3. What were some of the results of the sin of Adam and 
Eve? 

4. What fact shows that labor itself is not a curse ? 

5. What tokens of the beginnings of redemption are here 
given ? 



In the Beginning. 37 

STUDY II. — Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Gen. iii, 24. 
Eead Rom. v, 12-21. 

Personal Thought. 

"They like Adam have transgressed the covenant : there 
have they dealt treacherously against me." (Hos. vi, 7.) 

Observe that all the benefits of development could have 
been secured without the fact of sin. "Whether man 
yielded to the temptation or overcame it, in any case he 
would have advanced a step in knowledge. To yield was 
a spiritual fall; to resist would have been a spiritual rise. 
. . . And thus to assert that sin was relatively neces- 
sary for the development of human nature is to confuse 
the yielding to temptation with the experience of it. Had 
the primeval man been strong when evil presented itself, 
we know not to what heights of intellectual or of spiritual 
excellence the race might not have now attained. . . . 
In the event there was intellectual growth, accompanied 
by descent to a lower spiritual level, from which it would 
be impossible for man to rise without the aid of Divine 
grace. . . . Such a view of man^s progress is in the 
strictest harmony alike with the Bible and with the teach- 
ing of modern science."^ 

Do I ever persuade myself to believe that I can gain 
even in knowledge by yielding to a temptation more thaa 
I can gain by overcoming it? 

8 J. H. Bernard, Hast. Bib. Diet., art. " FaU." 



PART I.— THIRD "WEEK. 

FIRST NAMES IN THE RACE RECORD AND THE 
FLOOD. 



STUDY lll.<~First Day. Memory Verses, Gen. iv, 6, 7. 

Read Gen. iv, 1-7. 
Narrative. 
Choice of The first names in the Bible show that they are used 
ar y unes. j^g^g^^gg ^gy carry a special meaning. The selection of a 
name is sometimes made, not with reference to the root 
word from which it is derived, but because it resembles 
another word in sound. In such cases the name is chosen 
and the meaning of the word it resembles attached to it 
with the freedom of common speech and without regard to 
etymology.^ 
Meaning of Looking at the first names in the race record, with 
Names, ^j^^g ^^^ mind, it may be noted that the word Adam, which 
is used as a proper name probably first in Genesis iii, 17, 
is thought by most scholars to mean "red^' or "ruddy," 
as conveying the impression of the primitive man's color, 
though by others the word is supposed to mean "the one 
made.'^^ The name Eve means "life."^ Cain, by resem- 
blance in sound, is connected with Eanah, which means 
"to get" (Gen. iv, 1, R. V., margin). Abel means 
"breath," which may suggest how evanescent was his 
earthly course. Seth (Gen. iv, 25), again, by its sound 
attracts to itself the meaning "appointed," while Enoch 
probably means "dedicated," and Noah, "rest" or "com- 
fort" (Gen. V, 29). 

1 Driver (Gen.), 63. 

2 Hast. Bib. Diet., art. "Adam." 

3 Same, art. " Eve." 

38 



In the Beginning. 39 

Science is in accord with the Bible as to the unity of Man's unity 
the human race.* The early pages of Genesis also bear""** *v«r»ty. 
witness to the principle of woman^s rightful place beside 
man in equality of worth and honor. But, along with 
these notes of oneness, there appear signs of that immense 
diversity which is to mark mankind in its development, 
some forms of which are to lead to divergence and discord. 

This divergence of moral and spiritual life is first Contnwt* in 
seen in the character of the two brothers, Cain and Abel. 
Appearing so early in the history of the race, the differ- 
ence is not merely personal, but representative. The two 
brothers become typical of the two great classes of man- 
kind, the morally evil or bad, and the righteous or good. 
Clearly, Cain is in his heart godless and therefore intensely 
selfish, and as soon as his purposes are crossed, he is ready 
to turn with anger toward God and envy and hatred toward 
his brother. No other explanation is needed to show why 
his sacrifice was not accepted. God would early make it 
plain that the offering made by such a heart and with 
such a spirit can not be received by him. His words in 
effect to Cain are, that, if he does well, his countenance 
will also "be lifted up" in the joy of acceptance. "Sin 
coucheth at the door; and unto thee shall be its desire; 
but do thou rule over it" (Gen. iv, 7). This fully shows 
that every human being possessed of normal faculties 
has the power with God's help to determine his course 
as respects right and wrong. 

Abel did not die in vain, for the writer of the Epistle worth of 
to the Hebrews says of him that he "being dead yet speak- ^^^^'^ work. 
eth" (Heb. xi, 4). Matheson terms him "the undevel- 
oped," aad says: "He began the sacrificial life. It be- 
came a candle with Abraham, a lamp with Moses, a fire 
vdth the prophets of Judah, until at last it burst into a 
conflagration on the hill of Calvary." 



4 Driver (Gten.), xxxvl, xxxvll. 



40 Studies in the Old Testament. 

Pioneers in Seth next appears as renewing the good line (Gen. iv, 
"***'25), and soon afterward prayer and worship are noted 
in the record as marking the nobler developments of life, 
very much in the same way as the appearance of some of 
the arts in the Cainite line indicates where fresh forces 
of the world began their work (Gen. iv, 20-26). A mar- 
velous biography of Enoch is compressed into twelve words : 
"Enoch walked with God: and he was not; for God took 
him" (Gen. V, 24). 
Reason for . In connection with Noah, the tenth from Adam in the 
Flood. S^^^ or religious line, the record is given of the great 
wickedness of the world and the judgment of the flood. 
Perhaps the best view is that, by the sons of God (Gen. vi, 
2), Sethites are meant,^ and through their union with 
the daughters of the worldly line, such general corruption 
ensues that Noah seeks to overcome it by his preaching of 
righteousness. Only after many years, when all hope of 
reformation fails, does God send the flood. 
Locauty and Many authorities unite in the view that the flood was 
* local, probably being confined to the Euphrates Valley.* 
Its entire duration was about one year, from November 
to November. As to its date, while few or none would 
now claim that Ussher's chronology is satisfactory, no 
other system has won general recognition for the first ages ; 
and by this the creation of the world is placed 4004 B. C, 
and the Deluge 2348 B. C."^ Dr. W. H. Green has clearly 
shown^ that Bible students can freely accept any settled 
and established data for these older world events without 
danger of conflicting with the simple life indications given 
in the tables of Genesis : and the trend of recent scientific 



6 The view that "sons of God" here means angels, is also exten- 
sively held by modern scholars. 

6 Topic 5, references; also Ryle, 27i€ Early Narratives of Cfenesis, 
112-114; Gibson, Ages Before Moses, 128-181. 

7 Bib. Ency., Ill, Appendix, 3. 

8 " Prlnaeval Chronology." Professor William H. Green, Bibliotheca 
Bacra, XLVII, 285-303 (Apr., 1890). 



In the Beginning. 41 

thought as respects man's age on the earth and the probable 
occurrence of a flood answering to this account is in the 
direction of bringing both within limits favorable to the 
reality of that which is recorded. It is probable that the 
existence of the human race, as represented in Genesis, 
goes back at least to 6000 B. C, and that the date of the 
flood must be put back correspondingly. 



Thus early in human history it becomes clear 
that upon the choices of a man's life depends his 
happiness, his character, his destiny. It is a mighty 
moment of far-reaching consequences, when a man 
chooses the will of God ; a fatal moment, when he 
rejects that will. 



STUDY Ml.— Second Day. Memory Verse, Gen. iv, 9. 

Eead Gen. iv, 8-24. Dods remarks, "With each child 
that comes into the world some fresh hope is brought." 
See that in you this hope is not disappointed. 

Scripture Outline. Chapters iv— ix, 1-17; x, 32. 

(1) Genealogy of Cain, iv, 1-24; (2) genealogy of Seth, iv, 
25, 26 ; V ; (3) race- wickedness, the ark built, vi ; (4) the ark 
entered, the flood prevails, vii ; (5) the flood subsides, the ark 
left, viii ; (6) God's blessing and covenant, ix, 1-17 ; x, 32. 

STUDY IN.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Gen. v, 24. 

Read Gen. iv, 25, 26 ; v, 1-5, 21-32. Art and civiliza- 
tion having just been outlined, religion is placed next 
as the great principle without which the first can never 
truly advance the race. These two, religion and culture, 
need even now to be more fully blended together. 



42 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Suggestions for Map Work. 

Make a simple outline map of the lands around the 
eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, and locate in it as 



{ 




Map 6. Early Nations and Peoples. 

many of the nations or peoples mentioned in Gen. x, as 
you can. See Map 6 in text-book; Blaikie, Map 1; Ott- 
ley. Map 1, and references under Topic 7. 

STUDY III. — Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. vi, 3. 

Eead Gen. vi. Verse 15 shows that the length of the 
ark was 300 cubits, its breadth 50, and its depth 30. 
Estimating the cubit at twenty-one inches, these dimen- 
sions are 525 feet, 87J feet, and 521 feet, respectively. 
The shape is relatively broad and shallow, as is fitting 
in a vessel made simply to float, but in general dimensions 
and carrying capacity the ark answers closely to the larger 
ships built to-day. 



1 



In the Beginning. 43 

General References. 

Blaikie, 25-43; Ottley, 11-20; Barnicott, 5-8; Beardslee, 33 ; 
Burney, 95; Matheson, I, 45-109; W. B., 3-9, 25-32; Price, 89- 
99; Davis, 85-139; Hast. Bib. Diet., arts. "Adam," "Eve," 
*'Cain," "Abel," etc. 

STUDY III. — Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. vii, 1. 

Eead Gen. vii. Gibson finely observes, "We have in the 
life of Noah a witness to the fact, that if one walks with 
God, if one really leads a spiritual life, he will not only 
be victorious over death as Enoch was, but over judgment." 
This is an impressive lesson of this chapter. 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Class-work. 

1. God is righteous and just. Gen. ix, 5, 6 ; xviii, 25 ; Deut. 
xxxii, 4 ; Ezra ix, 15 ; Job xxxiv, 10-12 ; Psa. xxxvi, 6 ; cxlv, 17 ; 
Dan. ix, 14 ; Hos. xiv, 9 ; John xvii, 25 ; Rev. xvi, 7. 

2. Abel, the first martyr. Matt, xxiii, 35; Heb. xii, 24; 
1 John iii, 12; Matheson, I, 45-66 ; Dods, 34, 35. 

3. Origin of arts (Gen. iv, 20-22) . Blaikie, 27, 28, 31 ; Davis, 
90-96 ; Dods, 45-50. 

4. " The sons of God " (Gen. vi, 2, 4) Sethites. Blaikie, 31, 
32; Davis, 101-106. 

5. The flood local. Davis, 12&-131 ; Dods, 55-57. 

6. The rainbow sign of covenant. Blaikie, 34 ; Ottley, 16 ; 
Barnicott, 7, 8 ; Dods, 72-74. 

7. Table of nations (Gen. x). Blaikie, 41. 42 ; Ottley, 16-20 ; 
Price, 97-99; Driver (Gen.), 112-132; Hast. Bib. Diet., Extra 
Vol., 79-87 ; Bib. Ency., II, 1212-1215. 

STUDY III.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. viii, 20. 

Eead Gen. viii. On verse 4, the N. C. B., 147, says: 
"Ararat roughly corresponds to Armenia, and is the dis- 
trict about Lake Van referred to in Assyrian inscriptions 
as Urartu. The particular peak is often identified with 
the highest mountain in or near Urartu, . . . known as 
Mount Ararat." See Map 18. 



44 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Questions for Written Answers. 

1. What is meant by, "Sin coucheth at the door*' (Gen. 
iv,7)? 

2. How can one to-day best be his "brother's keeper" 
(Gen. iv, 9) ? 

3. What is the effect of art and culture apart from religion? 

4. About how long was the whole period of the flood (Gen. 
vii, 11 ; viii, 13, 14) ? 

5. Under what three names are the nations ranged as given 
in Gen. x ? 

STUDY III. — Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Gen. ix, 16. 

Eead Gen. ix, 1-17; x, 32. The new beginning after 
the flood shows the inspiration of fresh hope, freedom 
from the past, and joy, that go along with all God's work 
of redemption. 

Personal Thought. 

"Jehovah shut him in." (Gen. vii, 17.) 
These words doubtless carry in them a sense of seclusion 
and exclusion and both of these principles enter into any 
process by which one comes into a new spiritual life. But 
far beyond these is the sense of security of every soul that 
rests in the fact of God's own method and act of protection. 
Do you rest the question of your salvation for its full 
answer on something which God has done ? Then and then 
only can you have coTnplete peace. 



i 



G E N E S 1 5 


^ All the Other 
Old Testament BOOKS 


Stu d i e s 1 — III 


SLudiesiV.V 


Studies Vi— XXV 


Adam and tve 
Noah and 


II 

II 




4^ 

U 


1 Probably not less than 3,000 years E2 


50 BC \Z 


77 BC 



Chart A. Place of Genesis in the Old Testament. 
(Showing why five Studies are given to this one book.) 



PAET II. 
HEBEEW EACE FATHEES. 



FOURTH WEEK. 
ABEAHAM AND ISAAC. 



STUDY IV.— First Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xii, 1. 
Bead Gen. xi, 31 — xii, 9. 

Narrative. 

The Bible material, even before the period to be sur- tight: 
veyed in Part II, begins to receive clear light from Orien- R«*«"»**** 

tal research. Professor Price says concerning Gen. x: 
''Out of this former mysterious list of proper names, the 
inscriptions verify the accuracy of more than thirty, by 
indicating both places and peoples. The inscriptions both 
of Egypt and of Mesopotamia also corroborate in many 
particulars the statements of this chapter. In a word, 
this table is a limited bird's-eye view of ancient nations, 
a word-map of ancient geography."^ 

Most remarkable have been the discoveries of recent Age of Abra- 
years as disclosing features of the age in which Abraham Hammurabi. 
lived. "That education should have been so widely dif- 
fused in Babylonia as we now know it to have been, women 
as well as men sharing in it, is a truly astonishing fact."^ 
**The period of Hammurabi's dynasty was one of great 
literary activity,'' says Johns; and concerning his cele- 
brated Code he states that "it was no new invention, but 



1 Price, 98, 99. See Map 6, page 42. 
ZSayce (Mon. Pacts), 35. 

45 



46 Studies in the Old Testament. 

codified the customary law of the coimtry."^ Kogers also 
says, "Nineveh was the center of a kingdom of warriors, 
Babylon the abode of scholars ; and the well-spring of all 
this is to be found in the work of Hammurabi."* 

Professor Sa^e also shows that the way in which 
Abraham purchased the cave of Machpelah, and many de- 
tails in the account of Hagar are made plain by the pro- 
visions of Babylonian commercial law and of the code of 
Hammurabi/ discovered at Susa in 1901; and he now 
fully accepls and gives the evidence proving that this mon- 
arch is the same as Amraphel of Genesis xiv, 1.^ 
Ur and Haran. Ur (Gen. xi, 28, 31), the native city or district of 
Abraham, situated near the Euphrates, and perhaps at 
that early date on the shore of the Persian Gulf, though 
now 125 to 150 miles inland from the mouth of the river, 
has been fully identified. The site of Haran (Gen. xi, 31) 
was about 600 miles to the northwest. 
Founder of the The word *'Hebrew" (Gen. xiv, 13), probably meaning 
Hebrew Race, a beyond " the river, may refer to the coming of Abraham 
and his family from Haran, as east of the Euphrates 
or the Jordan to the Canaanites, among whom the He- 
brews came . ^ Standing first among the fathers or founders 
of this race, Abraham^ becomes one of the most illus- 
trious characters of all history. From him God's chosen 
people, the Jewish nation, sprang. By his willing obedi- 
ence and faith in separating himself from his former asso- 
ciations and going forth into an unknown land, he insti- 
tuted the Church or kingdom of spiritual religion in the 
earth; and the devout believers of every age and tongue 



3 Hast. Bib. Diet., Extra Vol., 688. 

4 Rogers, 1, 303. 

6 See also Davies, 67, 68; Johns, 28, 29; Hast. Bib. Diet., Extra Vol., 
(JOS; paragraphs 145, 146, of Code. 

eSayce (Mon. Facts), 59, 60. See, also, Driver (G}en.), 156; Rogers, I. 
889-393, Davies, 7, 8. 

T Driver (Gen.), 138; Hast. Bib. Diet., art. "Hebrew." 

SHommei shows from contract tablets that the name "Abraham " 
was current in Babylonia even two generations earlier than the time 
of Hammurabi. Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 227. 



Hebrew Race Fathers. 47 

look back to him as the father of the faithful. Matheson 
shows that he entered into the same mission in his day that 
Jesus in full measure carried out in the gospel era. ^^An 
empire rises to his view — an empire such as man had never 
seen. It stretches to all ends of the earth — ^north, south, 
east, west. It embraces all ages of time — it is to endure 
forever. It .comprehends all varieties of men — its inhab- 
itants are to be as the dust of the earth for multitudes. 
And above all, it is a kingdom whose foundation is to be 
laid in righteousness.^'^ Therefore, Christ could say, "Your 
father Abraham rejoiced to see my day; and he saw it, 
and was glad." (John viii, 56.) 

/ 2 The main features of the life of Abraham may be His Ufe in 
■sketched briefly. The date of the jeign. of_Hammurab.i*^"*"°®* 
would now carry the period of his calls and entrance into 
Canaan approximately to 2250 B. C.^^ ^rom Haran, on 
his second call, he probably went west by way of Carche- 
mish, south by^Damascus, crossed the Jordan at the 
Damieh Ford, near the mouth of the Jabbok, and then 
followed the Wady Farah northwest to-Shechem." 

The general course of the stages of Abraham's life are Locations. 
marked by locations, extending southward from Shechem. 
He sojourned at Bethel both before and after his visit 
to Egypt on account of a famine (Gen. xii, 8-20; xiii, 1- 
17). Later he dwelt at Hebron (Gen. xiii, 18; xiv-xix) ; 
Gerar (xx, xxi), and Beersheba (xxi, 31-34; xxii, 19). 
At Hebron he bought the field and cave of Machpelah 
for a burial-place, and there Sarah and Abraham himself 
were buried. (Gen. xxiii; xxv, 7-10; xlix, 29-32.) 
( I. Passages of supreme interest in Abraham's career are Paith in 
those which reveal his faith in God in responding to the^*^""* 
early call, and in going forth "not knowing whither 
he went;" his magnanimous and spiritual ideal in giving 



9 Matheson, 1,125. 

10 Rogers, I, 338, 888; Driver (Gen.), 158; Harper, The Code of Ham- 
murabi (1903), xi; Davies (1905), 7. 

11 Driver (Gen.), 146; Stewart, 146; Smltli, 828,833; MacOoun, II, 11. 



48 Studies in the Old Testament. 

to Lot the choice of territory; his energy and ability in 
the defeat of the kings; his noble persistency of interces- 
sion for the righteous remnant of Sodom, and the sub- 
limity of his devotion to the will of God in his preparation 
to offer up Isaac.^2 It is also to be noted that in his 
places of sojourn he is ever building an altar unto Je- 
hovah.^^ J 
Id In Isaac the Bible gives the portrait of a character in 

the Passive which the passive virtues disclose their charm. His more 
quiet part seems to be to conserve the good influences and 
higher beginnings left by his father. He dwells in the cir- 
cle of retired shepherd experiences in the South Country 
where he was born. Even his wife is sought for him 
among his kindred in Haran, and brought by faithful 
Eliezer, and when she arrives he is walking in the field in 
meditation. (Gen. xxiv.) But not least among the treas- 
ures of Scripture must be counted this sketch of divinely 
directed and happy marriage, and these recurring glimpses 
in early race annals of the free action of womanhood, of 
honor accorded the gentler virtues, which makes it modern 
and pulsating with the living standards of to-day. 



Upon the death of a prominent American poli- 
tician some years ago, a great metropolitan daily- 
noted the fact that in a public career of more than 
twenty-five years, this man's name had never been 
identified w^ith any great movement. For a man so 
to live is for him to live for naught. Life becomes 
potential as it becomes an embodiment of some 
great truth or principle. The characters noted in 
this Study illustrate that great thing which we call 
faith. A conspicuous living leader recently defined 
faith as **the accepting as absolutely true the things 
which are eternal." 



12 Gen. xlii, 5-13; xlv, 18-24; xvlii, 16-33; xxil, 1-19. 

13 Gen. xli, 7, 8; xiii, 4, 18; xxli, 9. 



^eBfew K^ace loathe rsT"^ 49 



STUDY IV. — Second Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xiii, 16. 

Eead Gen. xiii. The alternatives offered by Abraham 
(vs. 9), the choice made by Lot (vs. 11), and the results 
which came to each, form a most impressive lesson con- 
cerning the spiritual as contrasted with the worldly life. 
Scripture Outline. Second Division of Genesis. 

The Patriarchal Period, Gen. xi, 27—1, 26 : (1) Generations 
of Terah, xi, 27— xxv, 11; (2) Of Ishmael, xxv, 12-18; (3) Of 
Isaac, xxv, 19 — xxxv, 29; (4) Of Esau, xxxvi, 1 — xxxvii, 1; 
(5) Of Jacob, xxxvii, 2—1, 26. For First Div., see Study I. 

STUDY IV.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xiv, 20. 

Eead Gen. xiv. This chapter, in view of the light fmtk 
Oriental research and history which has gathered about 
it, and the questions and discussions to which it has given 
Vise, has become one of the most notable passages of the 
Old Testament. 
Suggestions for Map Work. 

Make a simple outline map embracing the section from 
the Euphrates Valley to Egypt, and mark the principal 
journeys of Abraham, locating TJr, Haran, Dan, Shechem, 






nin£ve:h 
p 






^^^- 

-^ 




DANo ?DAMASCUS 

Srt£cwE/if l^ 

^'^'^Vo*W£8R0N OR 
r^°° § MAMRE 

PT 
-i f? 




Map 7. From Babylonia to Egypt. 
Sections 1, 2, 5—10, Main Journeys of Abraham. 

Bethel, Hebron, Gerar, Beersheba, and Zoan in Egypt. 
See Map 7 in text-book; Blaikie, Maps 2, 3, 4; Ottley, 
Map 1 ; MacCoun II, Maps 60, 62, 66 ; Bamicott, Map, 



50 Studies in the Old Testament. 

STUDY IV.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xviii, 25._ 

Eead Gen. xviii, 16-33. "Abraiiam had been living an 
unworldly life, in which intercourse with God was a 
familiar employment. His prayer was but the seasonable 
flower of his life, nourished to all its beauty by the habitual 
nutriment of past years."^* 

General References. 

Blaikie, 55-74 ; Ottley, 28-41 ; Barnicott, 10-17 ; Beaidslee, 
33, 34 ; Burney, 38, 50-58 ; Matheson, 1, 110-151 ; II, 1-61 ; W. B., 
3-9, 25-32 ; Price, 97-102 ; Scott, entire. 

STUDY IV.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xxii, 8. 

Kead Gen. xxii. The two great lessons of this trial 
of Abraham are finely stated by Driver: "The sacrifice 
though commanded was not exacted. . . . The nar- 
rative teaches the value set by God upon the surrender 
of self, and obedience; and it demonstrates the moral 
superiority of Jehovah's religion abo\e the religions of 
Israel's neighbors." 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Class-work. 

1. The worship of God. Gen. iv, 26; xii, 7, 8; xiii, 4; 
1 Chron. xvi, 29; Psa. xcv, 6; Isa. Ixvi, 23; John iv, 20-24; 
Kev. xxii, 9. 

2. Elements of Abraham's character. Blaikie, 72 ; Ottley, 
33 ; Matheson, I, 110-129 ; Scott, 82-84 ; Bib. Ency., I, 27. 

3. Hammurabi or Amraphel (Gen. xiv, 1). Driver (Gen.), 
156; Sayce (Hon. Facts), 58-60; Rogers, I, 388-394; Hast. Bib. 
Diet., I, 88 ; Extra Vol., 585-588. 

4. Ur of the Chaldees (Gen. xi, 28). Blaikie, 55, 56 ; Price, 
99 ; Dods, 83, 84 ; Scott, 10-12 ; Rogers, I, 371-378. 

5. Hebron. Blaikie, 62 ; Smith, 317, 318 ; Hast. Bib. Diet. 

6. Sarah. Scott, 73, 74. 

7. Cities of the Plain and their destruction. Blaikie, 66-69 ; 
Dods, 191-197; Driver (Gen.), 168-171, 202, 203; Smith, 505-511; 
Bib. Ency. 

8. Origin of the term ** Hebrew." Ottley, 26, 27; Hast. 
Bib. Diet. 



14 Dods, 185. 



Hebrew Race Fathers. 51 

9. The spiritual import of circumcision. Ottley, 32, 33;^* 
Burney, 54 ; Dods, 167, 168 ; Scott, 50, 51. 

STUDY IV.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xxiv, 67. 

Eead Gen. xxiv, 1-15, 50-67. The whole chapter is 
most interesting from many points of view; especially 
does it present a wealth of details of Oriental social life 
and conventional observance. 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. What city or region was the birtliplace of Abraham? C/' ,x 

2. What are the names of three cities where he sojourned 
in the land of promise? 

3. What are some of his traits of character ? 

4. How would you describe by way of contrast the char- 
acter of Lot ? 

5. From what place did Rebekah, the wife of Isaac, come? 

STUBY IV.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xxv, 27. 

Jteadl iren. xxv, 27-34; xxvi, 17-25. With remark- 
able insight and snggestiveness two types of human nature 
are given in the sketch of Esau and Jacob. 

Personal Thought. 

"And he ]ielieved in Jeh©vah; and he reckoned it to 
Him for righteousness. (Gen. xv, 6.) 

Has this great principle, which lies at the center of 
God's spiritual kingdom in men's hearts in all ages, en- 
tered into my life — ^righteousness, not by my good works, 
but by faith? 



4\m^ 



M^iifei^- 



PART II.— FIFTH TJSTBEK. 
JACOB AND JOSEPH. 



STUDY v.— First Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xxviii, 17. 
Eead Gen. xxviii, 10-22. 

Narrative. 
The Bible a A feature of the Bible which is without parallel is the 

True Mirror, absolute fidelity with which it presents the moral life of 
its characters, disclosing the bad actions and traits ai cer- 
tainly as the good. This has already been seen in the cases 
of Adam, Eve, Noah, Abraham, Sarah, and Eebekah. 
Along with what is commendable, each has exhibited some 
form of weakness and sin, and it is generally easy to dis- 
cern the evil results which flow from these imperfections 
and moral lapses. It is also plain that some of their 
faults are due to the imperfect and crude standards of 
social and moral life which prevailed in these primitive 
times. The important point to note is that the standard 
in one way and another is being constantly raised. God, 
by the very consequences of sin, not only in the examples 
of great judgments like the flood and the overthrow of 
the cities of the Plain, but also in the sad and shameful 
episodes among his own followers in steadily setting before 
the race the true conditions of spiritual progress. 
Jacob's Mixed Jacob is perhaps the extreme instance among prom- 
Nature and inent Bible characters for the variety and persistence of 
these selfish and unseemly tendencies, along with nobler 
elements and aspirations which are sufficient to enlist the 
favor of God and in the end win for the patriarch spir- 
itual victory. Oft^n a rich nature is marked in youth 
by conflicting tendencies and later becomes clarified, as 
some great call or purpose rises into control. Thus it is 

52 



Hebrew Race Fathers. 53 

that Jacob, rightly named "•''supplaiiter/' finally becomes 
Israel, a "Prince of Grod." If even at the beginning he 
may have yearned for the priestly privilege of the birth- 
right, he did not see the service and devotion to others 
involved in it till he came to his dream at Bethel and his 
wrestling at Peniel. 

In broad outline it is to be noted that Jacob, after Years of 
leaving the home at Beersheba, and having his night ''"^'*"*'®* 
vision at Bethel, found in the ancestral Haran or Paddan- 
aram ^ the household of his uncle Laban, where he abode 
for twenty years, married Leah and Eachel, and from 
them and their handmaids begat the sons who gave names 
to most of the Hebrew tribes; that with his large family, 
with flocks and herds, he returned to the promised land, 
being reconciled to Esau after a night of prayer at Penuel ; 
that he dwelt chiefly at Shechem and Hebron, went late 
in life to Joseph in Egypt, where he died and was buried 
at Hebron. Gen. xxviii — xxxvi; xlvi, 1 — 1, 13. 

The career of Joseph, as pictured in Genesis, is strik-. ^Bj^ 'g r K 

ingly romantic. It is not difficult to pardon the youthful '^^-^^*'* 

egotism, the unconscious self-disclosure of his early years, 

in view of the splendid reserve and self-master}-, and the 

constant fraternal, filial, and humanitarian love which 

pervade all his later life. He gives the demonstration, so 

rare in the Old Testament, that joy and blessing result 

directly from pain and mishap. Therefore he could say 

to his brothers, "It was not you that sent me hither, but 

God ... As for you, ye meant evil against me; but 

God meant it for good to bring to pass, as it is this day, to 

save much people alive." Moreover, "It is not surprising 

that he should often have been regarded as a type of 
Christ.*'^ 

Sayce, Driver, and others agree that Joseph^s years in Egyptian 
Egypt fall in the times of the Hvksos kings.^ As these "'**"? ^■'• 

°*^^ ^ & ing Witness. 

iGen. xxviii, 2; xxix, 4. 

2 Gen. xlv, 8; 1, 20; Driver, Hast. Bib. Diet., II, 770. 

3 Sayce (Jos. and L. E.), 47, 98; Driver (Gen.), 347; Price, 109, 



54 Studies in the Old Testament. 

were Semites and therefore kindred in race to the He- 
brews, the reception which Abraham found at the Egyp- 
tian court and the exaltation of Joseph though a slave 
to the post of vizier or prime minister have a natural ex- 
planation. A Hyksos Pharaoh seems to have had the 
name Jacob-el, and this name and the name Joseph-el are 
found in cuneiform inscriptions of the patriarchal age. 
** They belong to that age and to no later one.''* Many 
allusions and phrases reveal the Egyptian setting and 
atmosphere in these later chapters of Genesis. The run- 
ners shouted dbrech before Joseph (Gen. xli, 43, Am. V., 
margin). It is probably a Babylonian term used in Egypt, 
meaning '*the seer."^ Joseph's phrase, "By the life of 
Pharaoh" (Gen. xlii, 15, 16), was the most sacred oath 
an Egyptian could take, and is found on the monuments. 
Such points of connection with Egypt are thickly strewn 
through the entire narrative. 



Jacob and Joseph, — shrewdness and innocence, 
connivance and trustfulness, selfishness and mag- 
nanimity; — of -what opposite extremes is human 
nature capable ! 



STUDY V. — Second Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xxxii, 28. 

Eead Gen. xxxii, 22 — ^xxxiii. The struggle of Jacob at 
Penuel represents the crisis of his life, and results in such 
a change of character as is expressed by his new name. 
He is now prepared in the right spirit to meet and win his 
brother Esau. To be in close touch with God is the secret 
of success in spiritually winning men. 
Scripture Outline. 

Chapter names of the last twenty-five chapters of Genesis : 
26. Isaac at Gerar and Beersheba ; 27. Isaac's blessings ob- 
tained by Jacob and Esau ; 28. Jacob at Bethel ; 29. Jacob's 

4 Sayce (Jos. and L. E.), 26, 27. 

6 Ibid., 55,77; Hast. Bib. Diet., art. "^6rec7i." 



Hebrew Race Fathers. 55 

wives ; 30. Jacob's children and property ; 31. Jacob and Laban 
at Mizpah; 32. Jacob at Penuel; 33. Jacob meets Esau; 34 
At Shechem; 35. Jacob journeys south, death of Rachel and 
Isaac ; 36. Generations of Esau ; 37. Early life of Joseph and 
his going into Egypt; 38. Judah and Tamar; 39. Joseph as a 
slave and in prison ; 40. Interpreting dreams ; 41. Pharaoh's 
dream, Joseph exalted; 42. The brothers' first trip to Egypt; 
43. Second trip to Egypt ; 44. The cup in the sack ; 45. Good 
news for Joseph's brothers and father; 46. Israel goes into 
Egypt ; 47. Before Pharaoh and in Goshen ; 48. Jacob blesses 
Ephraim and Manasseh; 49. Jacob blesses the other tribal 
heads, his death ; 50. Jacob's funeral, Joseph's death. 

STUDY V. — Third Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xxxvii, 11. 

Read Gen. xxxvii. Joseph, like Christ, "came unto 
his own, and they received him not^' (John i, 11), but 
sold him "for twenty pieces of silver" (vs. 28), as Christ 
was betrayed for thirty. His father '*kept the saying in 
mind" (vs. 11), as Mary "kept all these sayings, pondering 
them in her heart" (Luke ii, 19). Trace the other points 
of typical import as the story progresses. 

Suggestions for Map Work. 

Make an outline map of the territory from Haran to 
Zoan in Egypt, and mark the journey of Jacob from He- 
bron to Haran and return by Shechem and Bethel to He- 
bron, and the journey of Joseph from Hebron to Dothan 
and to Zoan. See Maps 1 and 7 in text-book; Blaikie, 
Maps 2 and 4 ; Ottley, Maps 1 and 2 ; MacCoun, II, Maps, 
60, 65, 66. 

STUDY v.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xli, 16. 

Read Gen. xxxix, 1-6, 19-23; xli, 1-16, 37-45. Bless- 
ing, temptation, integrity, prison, interpretation, exalta- 
tion, follow each other with dramatic swiftness in these 
chapters. 

General References. 

Blaikie, 74-86; Ottley, 50-55; Barnicott, 16-27; Beardslee, 
34; Burney, 38, 41, 50-52; Matheson, I, 152-195; W. B., 13-21; 
Price, 102-109 ; Sayce (Jos. and L. E.), entire. 



56 Studies in the Old Testament. 

STUDY v.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xliii, 14. 

Read Gen. xlii, 1-5; xliii, 1-15. It is the need of spir- 
itual bread that brings men to Christ, even as the need 
of food brough Joseph's kindred to him. 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Class-work. 

1. God's providence. Gen. xxii, 8, 13, 14; xxxvii, 25-27; 
xxxix,3; xlv, 7, 8; 1, 20; Job xxiii, 10; Psa. xxxvii, 23; Matt, 
vi, 11 ; X, 29-31 ; Acts xvii, 28 ; Rom. vii, 28.^ 

2. Jacob's new name at Penuel. Blaikie, 77, 78 ; Barnicott, 
19, 20 ; Matheson, 1, 166-169 ; Hast. Bib. Diet., II, 529, 530. 

3. Shechem, Blaikie, 59, 60; Ottley, 45; Stewart, 145-152. 
(The last includes good notice of Jacob's well and Joseph's 
tomb.) 

4. Joseph as a type of Christ. Blaikie, 82; Gibson, Ages 
Before Moses, 197-201. 

5. Egypt from Menes to close of dynasty XVII. Sayce 
(Jos. and L. E.), 41-49, 104; Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 657-660. 

6. Egyptian customs illustrating the story of Joseph. 
Blaikie, 89-105; Price, 102-109: Sayce (Jos. and L. E.), 30-107. 

STUDY V. — Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xlv, 7. 

Eead Gen. xliv — xlv, 15. The plea of Judah in the 
forty-fourth chapter and the scene of Joseph making him- 
self known to his brethren form one of the most thrilling 
passages of the Bible. 

Questions for Written Answers. 



1. What is the meaning of the titvo names of Jacqlj (Gten. * \t^Ak 
r, 26; xxxii, mi[^'^''- '-^'^-- -^'^^-^ ^ ^iv/, k/,,,.A,, .^^^,^,,aX-.i^^ 



XXV, zo; xxxu, zo;j/>v" ' * ' " " jT ' -^"•^s*"- -iiyf^ 

2. How old was Joseph when he was sold into Egypt ?/7 '^* ' /^ 
8. Which one of his brothei*s wished to rescue him ?. 

4. Which one was kept as hostage in the first visit to 

Egypt? Ji...... v^ , ^n L ^ 

5. Which two urged Jacob to permit Benjamin to go in the/ oa^'^Mn'T. 
second visit, and which of these pleaded for Benjamin's return ? ' ^^ ' 

6. What two powerful Israeli tish ^ tribes sprang from 

Joseph ? £ . ■ . -"^/VUi/WJlQ^f -k. ^ 

7. Which one of Jacbb's sons appears to be most highly 
honored in his closing prophecy, in chapter xlix ? •■.■ - '■ *-• , . 



6 See also Burney, 48, 72, 98, 94, 124. 



Hebrew Race Fathers. 57 

STUDY v.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xlix, 10. 

Bead Gen. xlix, 22-26, and chapter 1. Joseph's words 
in Gen. 1, 25, show that he firmly held the faith of his 
people. 

Personal Thought. 

**See that ye fall not out by the way." (Gen. xlv, 24.) 
It is not enough to get our fellows into the right way, 
even though this has been brought about with great effort 
and sacrifice. Perhaps an equally important work is to see 
that converts are kept in the right way. Am I doing my 
part in securing this result? 






PAET III. 
HEBEEW NATION FOUNDEKS, 



SIXTH w:bek. 
MOSES AND THE LAW. 



and the 
Exodus. 



STUDY VI. — First Day. Memory Verse, Ex. iii, 5. 
Bead Ex. i, 8-14; ii, 1-15; iii, 1-14. 

Narrative. 
The Sojourn More and more clearly is scholarly investigation assur- 

ing the reality of the great fundamental facts of Israel's 
history. A recent work. The Sojourn in Goshen and the 
Exodus, by Dr. Spiegelberg, offers the strongest attesta- 
tion of the occurrence of these chapters in Hebrew devel- 
opment. The second of these periods, with Moses and 
Aaron as the chief actors, and the divine disclosures of law 
and national destiny give the broad outlines of the present 
Study. 
Great Events The bridging of the long interval from the date of 
Can Await* Abraham to the date of the Exodus has not yet been made 
Right Time clear by Oriental discoveries. It is possible that the solu- 
Measures. ^^^^ ^y[ ]^q {j^ part the bringing of the date of Ham- 
murabi forward, when more light is obtained on Baby- 
lonian king-lists. It is also possible that some change 
from the date of the Exodus as 1277 B. C, the year 
named by Professor Sayce,^ and approved by others, may 
become evident. But all this does not alter the fact of the 
immense bearing of this event on the fortunes and found- 
ing of the Hebrew nation, nor of the grandeur of the mis- 
sion of Moses as a leader and lawgiver. 



1 Sayce, Early History of the Hebrews, 151; Ottley, 56; Price. 118. 
58 




^ H#brew Natien Founders. 59 

Moses is one of the supreme characters of all human Moses and 
history, marked from birth as a child of providence in his '^"'■"■• 
rescue from the Nile, and adoption by an Egyptian prin- 
cess, with his mother as nurse. His education at the 
Eg3rptian court, espousal of the cause of his people, years 
of meditative preparation in Midian, with the marvelous 
call of God through the burning bush, led him up to his 
main lifework. Aaron, his brother, is joined with him 
as spokesman and first in the line of priesthood. Pre- 
senting themselves as God's chosen agents of deliverance, 
they receive the confidence of their race. Ex. i — iv. 

The departure of the Hebrew people from Egypt is contest with 
preceded by a stupendous contest with the pride and "hard- p**"'*®**' 
ness of heart'' of Paraoh, in which ten great plagues, one 
after the other, are visited on the Egyptian people and 
court, the last being the slaying of the firstborn, while 
the Israelites are shielded from the stroke of Jehovah by 
the sprinkled blood. Ex. v — xii. 

When the h«ur at last arrived when the exodus march out of Bond- 
c»uld begin, the petple probably moved f r«m the, land ®f g?®^"** ** 
G»shen,past the region of the cities of Eaamses and ftthom^ (\j J[f^^..A^e:L:. 
(Ex. i, 11; xii, 37), which they had built, and then in C'^':^'4^ .f't^''^^, 
a southeasterly direction till they came to the northern arm ^...^.Jif "^^ '^^^^^ 
of the Eed Sea, where at first they were hemmed in by ' _^ 
the sea, the mountain, and the pursuing Egyptian forces. " i • 
'^A strong east w ind," continuing all night (Ex. xiv, 21), c2jf^'*^'^^'^^/>^ 
caused such a path of escape across the sea that they '^'"/"^ /' ' ; i 4 ' 
passed over "as by dry land; which the Egyptians, essay- * " ^v. "*'" ;^ 
ing to do, were swallowed up" (Heb. xi,^ 29). Their, 7^?"^*^^^ 
farther course, with various camping-places and times of i* "^(aw*^ /^**^«* ?Hf{ 
trial, bitter complaints lightened by seasons of refresh- 
ment and the beginning of the supply of manna, brought 
them to Mount Sinai, probably Jebel Musa. There they 
remained a year, receiving important parts of the law and 




s? 



2 Ban, Light from the East, 1(»-112, fuUy iUustrates from Egyptian 
monuments the making of brick, and the winnowing and storing of 
wheat in the granaries by forced labor. 



t^^'^ Oa^. -=^60 Studies ijy the Old Testam ent. , y' 

con^ructing the tabernacle, in which €rod manifested his ^ 



>-<^,y^.4«* 



KadMh- 
Barnea to 
Bast Jordaalc 



presence. Ex. xiii — ^xl; Lev. i — ^xxvii; ISTuin. i — ^ix. 

^ JSText to Sinai the most important location in the wil- 
derness experiences of Israel w'a^ Kadesh-barnea, about 150 

Settlement, miles northward. J (JSTum. xiii, 26; xx; Dent, i, 19, 46.) 
Giving ear to the report of the ten spies instead of heeding 
the words of Caleb and Joshua, by their cowardice and 
unbelief, all the rest of the generation that came out of 
Egypt passed away in the other thirty-eight years of desert 
wanderings. (Num. xiv, 20-31; xxvi, 64, 65.) While 
this sentence would not include Moses and xiaron, their 
own failure in obedience caused that the latter should 
find his last resting-place on Mt. Hor, perhaps Jebel 
Madurah (Moserah, Deut. x, 6), northeast of Kadesh,* 
and the latter on Mt. Nebo, about opposite the north end 
of the Dead Sea (Deut. xxxiv, 1, 5, 6). But, before the 
great leader finished his work, the Hebrew host com- 
passed the land of Edom, south of the Dead Sea, passed 
through the land of Moab, east of the same ; conquered the 
territory east of the Jordan, and settled there the tribes 
of Keuben and Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh. Num. 
xxi — ^xxxii. 

Mosaic In considering the body of legislation which is given 

in the Books of Moses, emphasis should be laid on the 
following portions: 1. The Decalogue or Ten Command- 
ments, Ex. XX, 2-17. "These are a summary of Divine 
revelation so absolutely fundamental and comprehensive 
that on them hang all the law and the prophets."* 2. A 
Book of the Covenant, attached to the Decalogue, has 
been seen in the portion, Ex. xx, 22 — ^xxiii, 19, giving sim- 
ple primitive directions, and together this portion has been 
called the Sinaitic Code. '• 3. Portions of Exodus and Num^ 
bers and all of Leviticus are often now spoken of as the 
Levitical Code, and within this. Lev. xvii — ^xxvi, is some- 



Leglslation. 



3 MacCoun, 11, 24, 25, Maps 72, 73; Stewart, 247, 248; Num. xx, 27, 28. 

4 Terry, Moses and the Prophets^ 28, 29. 



HhAmt^^^ u ^i in44ivi(¥**^ ^^^"'^^^ 



Hebrew Nation Founders. 6i 

times called the Law of Holiness. 4. The more popular 
and feeling statement of the law in Deuteronomy is termed 
the Deuteronomic Code. "The Biblical order is : Book of 
the Covenant, Levitical Code, Deuteronomic Code, but they 
are ascribed to different times, although these periods ail 
fall within the lifetime of Moses."^ Others hold a differ- 
ent view, and place them far apart in time. The whole 
range of Mosaic legislation may be classed, in a general 
way, as (1) Moral or Social and (2) Ceremonial. As a 
means of comparison with the first division, especially that 
side of it which is social and judicial, the recently dis- 
covered Code of Hammurabi has been wonderfully sug- 
gestive. It removes the objection that a code of laws so 
extensive and specific as those of Moses could not be put 
in writing at so early an age, for the other code goes back 
centuries earlier. After the most careful weighing by 
many students the general conclusion is well expressed 
by a strong recent author: "I confess with satisfaction 
and joy that the contents of the Code of Hammurabi have 
deepened my conviction of the Divine character of the 
Torah."« 



Hreat men make great nations. Great men are 
made through great revelations. Divine truth is 
the foundation of all true greatness, whether in- 
dividual or national. 



STUDY VI.— Second Day. Memory Verse, Ex. xiv, 15. 

Read Ex. xiv. That God employed a natural agency, 
the "strong east wind'' (vs. 21), to drive back the waters 
and open a passage across this part of the sea, does not 
diminish the supernatural character of this great experi- 
ence in the birth of Israel as a nation. 



6 Robertson, Early Religion of Israel, II, 132, 138. 
6 Johannes Jereniias, Moses and Hammurabi, (1903). 



62 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Scripture Outline. 

Exodus: (1) Israel in Egypt, i — xiii ; (2) Israel on the 
way to Sinai, xiv — xix, 1 ; (3) Israel at Sinai, xix, 2 — xl. 

Leviticus: (1) Laws respecting sacrifice, i — vii; (2) The 
institution of .he priesthood, viii — x ; (3) Laws defining clean 
and unclean, xi — xvi ; (4) The law of holiness, xvii — xxvii. 

Numbers: (1) Preparation for departure from Sinai, i — x, 
10; (2) From Sinai to Moab, x, 11 — xxii, 1; (3) Preparation 
for entering Canaan, xxii, 2 — xxxvi. 

Deuteronomy: (1) Historical review, i — iv, 43; (2) Repe- 
tition of the law, iv, 44— xxvi ; (3) The blessing and the curse, 
xxvii — XXX, (4) Conclusion, xxxi — xxxiv. 

STUDY Vl.—Third Day. Memory Yerse, Ex. xx, 3. 

Eead Ex. xix, 1-11; xx, 1-17. Mr. Moody has two ex» 
cellent notes on this part of Exodus: xx, 11, "Under the 
law, they labored first, then rested. But under grace we 
first find rest in Jesus, and then work." Ex. xx, 26, "We 
have no steps to climb when we approach God.''^ 
Suggestions for IVIap Work. 

Outline the region from Goshen eastward to the Gulf 
of Akabah and northward to Eastern Palestine, and mark 




^^ ^HELIOPOLI 

Ptframicti ^ 
Pyram/cfs 



IVIap 8. Field op the Exodus. 



f Hebrew Nation Founders. 63 

the course of Israel as indicated in this lesson.' See Maps 
2 and 8 in text-book; Blaikie, Map 2 and Sketch Map; 
Ottley, Map 2 ; MacCoun, II, 19-25, Maps 68-74. 
STUDY VI. — Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Deut. vi, 4. 

Eead Deut. vi, 1-9; Lev. xix, 9-18. Here is seen the 
highest moral reach of the Mosaic law, enjoining perfect 
love of God and equal love of neighbor with one's self. 
It may for centuries have been an ideal, but how beau- 
tiful a standard to be uplifted so early. 
General References. 

Blaikie, 106-163 ; Ottley, 53-82 ; Barnicott, 27-50 ; Beards- 
lee, 85-45; Burney, 10-85; Matheson, I, 198-217; W. B., 35-41; 
Brown, 13-28; Price, 115-122; Iverach, entire. 

ST<3»Y VI.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Lev. xvi, 34. 

Eead Lev. i, 1-4; ii, 1-3; iii, 1; vi, 24-26; vii, 1, 2. 
In these five brief selections an indication is given of the 
five kinds of sacrifices. Somewhat freely rendered in terms 
of the new dispensation, in the order here found, they rep- 
resent Christ as coming forth in steps of sacrifice toward 
man. Viewed in the reverse order, they symbolize man's 
increasing measure of surrender to and oneness with God : 
the trespass-offering meaning conviction; the sin-offering, 
cleansing; the peace-offering, reconciliation; the meal- 
offering, communion; the burnt-offering, coiaplete dedica- 
tion and service. 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Class-work. 

1. God is holy. Ex. iii, 5 ; xxviii, 38 ; Lev. xx, 26 ; 1 Sam. 
ii, 2 ; Psa. xcix, 9 ; Isa. vi, 3 ; 1 Pet. i, 15, 16.^ 



7 There is not yet general agreement of scholars as to the location 
where the Red Sea was crossed. It is thought by some that the Gulf of 
Suez at that time extended farther north so as to Include the Bitter 
Lakes or even Lake Timsah ; and Dr. Naville would place the crossing 

at 1 1, and Sir William Dawson at 2 2. But probably most would 

accept the view of Dr. Eber and Dr. Trumbull that the place of crossing 

was at 3 3. A number of the places mentioned in the Bible account 

have not been identified. The names of these are followed in map by 
question mark. 

8 See also Burney, 75, 76. 






,^t^'-[.H(^4. i-^--k.A.f 






64 Studies in the Old Testament. 

2. The unique grandeur of Moses' career and character. 
Blaikie, 108-110, 156, 157 ; Matheson, I, 196-217. 

3. Miriam. W. B., 35-41 ; Hast. Bib. Diet. 

4. Egypt during dynasties XYIII and XIX. Blaikie, 106, 
115; Barnicott, 28, 29; Price, 110-121. 

5. Description of the route of the Exodus. Num. xxxiii, 
3-49. Blaikie, 121-128, 140-156 ; Ottley, 61-65, 71-81 ; MacCoun, 
II, 19-25. 

6. The Tabernacle and its furniture. Blaikie, 135. 

7. Aaron and the priesthood. Ottley, 71 ; Barnicott, 39, 40 ; 
Bib. Diet. 

8. Comparison of the laws of Hammurabi and Moses. 
Davies, 21-106 ; Sayce (Mon. Facts), 67-87 ; Hast. Bib. Diet., Ex- 
tra Vol. , 589-612. 

STUDY Vl.—Slxth Day. Memory Verse, Lev. xxvii, 30. 

Eead Lev. xxiii. In the midst of the section which is 
especially marked as the law of holiness occurs this sum- 
mary of the "set feasts" of Jehovah, by which the nation 
should express God^s claim of them as his own. 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. What change brought about the hard lot of the Israelites 
in Egypt? 

2. What are some of the virtues of Moses? 

3. What are some of the things he had to overcome in his 
people? 

4. What are the several things that were placed in front of 
and within the Tabernacle as its furniture? 

5. On what mountains did Aaron and Moses pass to their 
rest? 

STUDY VI.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Deut. xviii, 15. 
Read Deut. xxx, 11-19. 

Personal Thought. 

"There hath not arisen a prophet since in Israel like 
unto Moses." (Deut. xxxiv, 10.) 

"Moses the Practical. . . . Salvation by obedi- 
ence to law. There is one sphere in which Moses stands 
alone. It is the discover}^ that common life may be the 
religious life. That Grod was in the Garden men knew; 



Hebrew Nation Founders. 65 

that God was in the sanctuary, men knew; that God was 
beside the altar, men knew. But that God should be in 
secular places, that the home should be itself a sanctuary, 
that the household fire should be an altar fire, that the 
honoring of a human parent should be deemed an act of 
piety, that the observance of a neighbor's rights should be 
esteemed one of the rites of worship — ^this was a new de- 
parture in the religious life of man!'' — Matheson. 






rrt^^rrv^, fi^^^^„^,^t^^ 



vi 






/%>fT»^-v*«r'- 















^ 'i^ ^q j&44^^-f^^ ^, ' ' ^ ^i-Hf^i' 'k^ii, X^s^i-. 7^f f) 



f%^Ui^, 



^MT^'' 



lji.<^ - 'I A'^ >6-v*ay (Urk> --^ . ^ 



PART III.— SEVENTH WEEK. 

JOSHUA Kmy THE co:n^quest. 



STUDY VII. — First Day. Memory Verse, Josh, i, 6. 
Eea d Josh^i. ^ /-J,. 

Narrative. 

Joshua's Joshua has already appeared in connection with the 

Early Service, account of the Exodus, as one of the twelve spies sent 
from Kadesh-barnea to bring back a report of the land 
of Canaan. Together with Caleb he encouraged the 
Israelites to go forward at once to the conquest, but the 
voice of the ten other spies prevailed, and the great 
movement to enter Western Palestine was postponed for 
nearly forty years. Num. xiii, 1; xiv, 38. Even before 
this he was known as commander of Israel's army in the 
field (Ex. xvii, 9, 10) and "the minister of Moses" 
(Num. xi, 28, 29), jealous of the honor of his leader, 
who, when he was about to depart, sought to insure that 
much of his spirit should rest upon his successor (Deut. 
xxxiv, 9). 
Inspired for God now fully inspires Joshua for his great task. 

Leadership, u rpj^gpe shall not any man be able to stand before thee 
all the days of thy life. . . . Only be strong and 
very courageous. . . . Have not I commanded thee ?" 
Joshua learns of the condition of the land through two 
spies sent to Jericho, who find that the fear of Israel has 
already gone before them. Josh, i, ii. 
Crossing the/ The next step is the crossing of the Jordan from the 
Jordan. / ^^g^ gj^^ ^^ j^^ west. There has recently come to light 
remarkable proof that the supernatural element in this 
occurrence may be in the timing of the crossing, just as 
at the Eed Sea, to enable the host to avail itself of the 
working of a natural agency. A passage in an Arabic 



Former 
Inhablta 
Palestine. 



Hebrew Nation Founders. 67 

manuscript history has been found which states that in 
1267 A. D. a great landslide at the Damieh Ford, about 
seventeen miles above Jericho, so shut off the Jordan at 
full flood that the river bed below the ford was without 
water from midnight to 10 A. M/ The camp is estab- 
lished at Gilgal, in the Jordan Valley near the crossing, 
the rite of circumcision administered, and Joshua again 
encouraged by the vision of "the nrince of Jehovah^s 
host" near Jericho. Jo^lL_m;;;;2;j. J 

On the eve of the conquest arT)rief glance may be 
given to the tribes or people inhabiting the promised'"***^*******"* 
land. Taking the names of such in Gen. xv, 19-21; 
Josh, ix, 1 ; xi, 21, there would be a list of twelve 
related to the portion of Western Palestine which became 
distinctively Israelite territory. These may be divided 
into three classes: (1) The early inhabitants who were 
in the land before the Semites came, such as the Anakim 
and perhaps the Perizzites in the south and the Eephaim 
in the more central part; (2) Semites, who came at 
different epochs, such as Canaanites or Amorites, names 
for much the same people, of which Jebusites, Gir- 
gashites, Hivites are more local groups, and Kenites, 
Kenizzites, Kadmonites, those rather closely related to 
the Hebrew race; (3) Xon-Semitic settlers who arrived 
after the Canaanites, such as the Hittites, and perhaps 
others. 

The Tel-el-Amarna letters sent to the king of Egypt Tei-ei 
from several of the cities of Palestine about 1400 B. Q.,^^^*^^' 
show that these towns were under the dominion of petty 
kings, very much as they are seen to be in the Book of 
Joshua, and that even then the hold of Egypt on this 
region was being weakened by the encroachments and 
assaults of the Hittites and the Habiri upon these little 
princedoms, which were at the same time often seeking 



1 Bennett, 38; Ottley, 84; Sayce, Early History of the Hebrews, 249. 
The location caUed Adam (Josh, iii, 16), Is often identified with the 
modern Damieh. 



Conquest. 



68 Studies in the Old Testament. 

to undermine each other. All this formed a basis for 
the conquest of the land by Israel. 

stages of The Scriptural account shows that the conquest went 

forward by progressive stages, each of which led to the 
next. First, the strongly fortified city of Jericho suc- 
cumbed, as it ever seemed to do when threatened. 
Then after a check, because of Achan^s sin, a foothold 
was gained in the '*hill country^' above the Jordan Valley 
by the capture of Ai. Following this the cunning ruse 
of the Gibeonites brought them into a compact with 
Israel and opened a wedge farther into the heart of the 
country. This roused a circle of cities in southwestern 
Palestine, and the defeat of this confederacy Won an 
important section of the land. Later, the overwhelming 
of a still larger combination in the north completed the 
special work of Joshua, and the more gradual and local 
extension of the conquest, especially in the way of 
thoroughly subduing the chief towns or cities, went 
forward largely under individual leaders and tribes, even 
reaching far on into the time of the Judges. Josh, vi — 
xi; XV, 13-19; xix, 47; Judges i, xviii. 

Index of Land Very Valuable as a key to the geography of Palestine 
are the lists of kings subdued, boundary lines and cities 
of the sections assigned to the several tribes, cities of 
refuge, cities of the Levites, and final adjustment of the 
trans- Jordanic Israelites to the center of worship. Josh, 
xii — xxii. Joshua's farewell address and renewal of the 
covenant between Israel and Jehovah are worthy to be 
regarded among his most important services to his 
people. Especially are his impressive words of personal 
decision worthy of remembrance : ' ' Choose you this day 
whom ye will serve; . . . but as for me and my 
house, we will serve Jehovah." Josh, xxiii, xxiv. 

Period If the forty years of wandering of the Israelites 

closed about 1237 B. C, the twenty years from that date 
to 1217 B. C. may be assigned to the work of Joshua and 
the elders who immediately succeeded him. 



and Leader. 



Covered. 



Hebrew Nation Founders. 69 

It is ever true that God and one make a ma- 
jority. 

*«And the Lord of Right still sits on His throne, still wields His 

sceptre and rod, 
And the winds and the waves and the years move on, doing the 

will of God." 



STUDY VM. — Second Day. Memory Verse, Josh, i, 8. 

Read Josh, iii, 5-17. Hotv worthy of record is the 
confidence of Joshua and all the people in moving for- 
ward to march across the river, though it was at the 
flood! If this crossing of the Jordan is a symbol of the 
Christianas entrance into ''the life more abundant," may 
it inspire like faith. 

Scripture Outline. 

Joshua: (1) The Conquest; a. Preparation, i — v; 6. The 
War, vi — xii ; (2) Division of the land, xiii — xxi ; (3) The Fare- 
well, xxii — xxi v. 

STUDY VM.— Third Day. Memory Verses, Josh, iv, 21, 22. 

Read Josh. iv. The repeated care given to preserv- 
ing a memory of the events, particularly of God's acts 
of power, in connection with the history of Israel, 
certainly goes to sustain the view that there were written 
records made at the time.^ Keriath-sepher (Josh, xv, 15) 
means *^ book-town." 

Suggestions for Map Work. 

Make an outline map of Palestine and mark the 
boundary of the twelve tribes. See Map 1 in text-book; 
Blaikie, Map 3 ; Ottley, Map 5 ; MacCoun, II, Map 81. 

STUDY VII.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Josh, vi, 16. 

Read J osh, v, 13 — vi, 20. Joshua has not the eleva- 
tion of the leader who takes the initiative, the thrill of 
the poetic vision, yet as one set to execute orders, he 
faithfully carries out his task. 

2Deut. xxvii.2-8; Josh iv, 2-9, 20-22 ; vlii, 80-35; xxiv,26; ^ajce, Early 
History of the Hebrews, 330. 



70 Studies in the Old Testament. 

General References. 

Blaikie, 164-192; Ottley, 83-100; Barnicott, 50-56; Beards- 
lee, 46, 50-55; Burney, 54, 79; Matheson, I, 218-238; Price, 
123-129 ; Bennett, entire. 

STUDY VII.— Fifth Day. Memory Yerse, Josh, xiv, 8. 

Read Josh. xiv. As one stands in this chapter in the 
midst of the survey of the whole land, the splendid grasp 
of it in a single sentence by George Adam Smith may be 
quoted: '* During all these ages the great long lines of 
the land would be spread out exactly in the same way as 
now — the straight coast, and its broad plain; the range 
that rolls north and south, with its eastern buttresses fall- 
ing to the unseen bottom of the Jordan Valley, and across 
this the long level edge of the table-land of the East."* 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Ciass-work. 

1. The courage and triumph of faith and obedience. Ex. 
xiv, 15; Heb. xi, 29; Josh, i, 7; vi, 8, 15, 16, 20; Heb. xi, 30; 
Josh, xxiii, 10 ; 1 Sam. xvii, 45, 46 ; 2 Chron. xx, 20-23. 

2. Joshua as illustrating the military virtues in God's serv- 
ice. Blaikie, 164, 191: Matheson, I, 218-221; Bennett, 79-87. 

3. The physical features of Palestine simply outlined. 
Map L in text-book ; Blaikie, 165-170 ; Ottley, 92-98, and Map 4 ; 
Smith, 46-59; MacCoun, I, 1-10. 

4. Brief study of the peoples of Palestine at the time of 
the Conquest. Ottley, 91, 92; Price, 123-129; Bennett, 12-22; 
Hurlbut, 37-40. 

5. Description of Mts. Ebal and Gerizim (Josh, viii, 30-33). 
Blaikie, 174, 175; Smith, 119, 120; Stewart, 139-141; MacCoun, 
II, 32, and Map 78. 

6. General sketch of the heritage of the tribes. Blaikie, 
177-190 ; Stewart, 36-41 ; Hurlbut, 55-59. 

STUDY VII.— Sixth Day. Memory Yerse, Josh, xx, 45. 

Eead Josh, xxiv, 1-28. The conquest of Palestine by 
Israel can only be rightly understood when it is seen as 
the result of a religious movement. A great religious 
impulse had arisen through Moses; God's new name, 
Jehovah, meant that His people had come to a new sense 

3 Hist. Geo. H. L., 123. 



Hebrew Nation Founders. 71 

of God, to a true revival. Joshua brings this out in his 
address. 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. What is meant by " the sea of the Arabah, even the Salt 
Sea" (JosJjuiiJjgi? ^.^^..e ^^,.. 

2. What stratagem was used by the Gibeonites to preserve 
their lives? i^- :,-"'* 

3. How did Israel show that they honored the covenant 
which they had made with this people? if i-C ' "f > 

4. In what part of the Holy Land was the territory of the 
tribe of Judah? Ihy^ij jy 'i- d - L t^ 

5. What geiieral section was possessed by the tribe of 
Ephraim? ,,. J . i (^ M- / 3 ... 

6. How old was Joshua at his death? JIO 

STUDY VII. — Seventh Day. Memory Yerse, Josh, xxiv, 15. 

Eead Josh, xxiv, 29-32. This passage brings out a 
point which is made plain in other parts of the record 
concerning the relation of each Israelite to the land, show- 
ing that his claim was inalienable. Prof. Bennett rightly 
says that here is a fundamental principle, and that "it is 
the Divine will that every man should have secured to him 
the opportunity of earning a livelihood for himself and 
his family."* 

Personal Thought. 

*'One man of you shall chase a thousand." (Josh. 
xxiii, 10.) 

Spiritual power in surprising degree is possible to 
every child of God. 



4 Bennett, 96. 



Jd^-^-^^y^ 










PAET lY. 
HEBEEW NATION BUILDEES. 



EIGHTH "WEEK. 
THE EAELY JUDGES. 



STUDY VIM.— First Day. Memory Verse, Judg. ii, 16. 
Eead Judg. ii, 16 — iii, 11. 

isra*rs The introductory section of the book of Judges, 

Bnviroomont. -^i^ich extends to the sixth verse of chapter three, throws 
new light on the conditions that faced the tribes of 
Israel when they would be expected to build themselves 
up into agnation. Even the book of Joshua (xv, 63; 
xvi, 10) had given indications that its general and 
sweeping statements as to the whole land having been 
completely subjugated and its inhabitants exterminated 
by Joshua must be taken in a qualified sense as a great 
ideal to which later ages looked back. Much more fully 
is this made evident in the first chapter of Judges. 
There it is shown that in the bounds of tribe after tribe 
their enemies remained entrenched at points, especially 
in some of the principal cities or towns, such as Jerusa- 
lem, Hebron, Bethel, Gezer, Bethshean, Megiddo, and 
others, not to mention those in more outlying territory. 

Vital Power The causc of this changed aspect is not far to seek. 

pltth"'*'*"* While the tide of Hebrew faith in and obedience to 
Jehovah flowed pure and strong, her battle everywhere 
was as good as won. But when "there arose another 
generation, that knew not Jehovah, nor yet the work 
which he had wrought for Israel," or the current 
turned backward, '*and the children of Israel did that 
which was evil in the sight of Jehovah, and served the 

72 



Hebrew Nation Builders. 73 

Baalim'' (Judg. ii, 10, 11), nothing would avail to save 
them from oppression but a fresh revival of faith and 
faithfulness. So vital is this relation between faith and 
right social and political life that it has been pointed 
out how, in English and American history, each forward 
swing of liberty and popular institutions has been pre- 
ceded by a religious revival or reformation. It is not 
surprising, therefore, to find in the era now to be sur- 
veyed, that the judges, who are also called "saviours," 
were raised up when the people, after a period of 
religious decline, with consequent idolatry and misery, 
again turned to God and "cried unto Jehovah" (Judg. 
iii, 9). 

It should also be said that in no well-inhabited coun- a Nation in 
try can the conditions of population be permanently *''*'^**"'**' 
transformed in a few years, and the Biblical record in a 
number of passages implies that the process of the 
occupation of Canaan would extend over a long period, 
and that God will cast out the former nations "by little 
and little" (De ut^ yii^ 22), "without driving them out 
hastily" (JuSg. ii, 22, 23), that by them he "may 
prove Israel, whether they will keep the way of Jehovah 
or not. " In the period of the Judges the Hebrew nation 
is in the formative stage, it is being built, largely like 
other enduring historic peoples, by wrestling with its 
environment. During much of this epoch the integrat- 
ing and the disintegrating forces are about evenly 
balanced, and so the statement is twice recorded: "In 
those days there was no king in Israel: every man did 
that which was right in his own eyes." (Judg. xvii, 6; 
xxi, 25.) 

By " The Early Judges " is meant those whose names "The Early 
and deeds are given in the book of Judges, as the era of ''"*'8®**" 
Eli and Samuel will be treated in the next lesson. Of 
these earlier deliverers there are twelve, if Barak is 
placed with Deborah as her general, and Gideon's son, 
Abimelech, is omitted, since the office of these special 

y^. ^_Mr%U4L ^^4^ ^i.-yi^^ *^v-.,. ,. . .^ --^''Vk-<^,^ r^. .: - U^'^-^ruA^^A^O 
^-i^M^ftl^ ^^Jttrt^^^^ ^-?i.i^^^ ^ ^„ ^^J.^^ t^ 



74 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Othniel. 



Deborah and 
Barak. 



Overthrow 
and Odd. 



Gideon and 
His Three 
Hundred. 



leaders was not hereditary. Six may be called principal 
judges, Othniel, Ehud, Deborah, Gideon, Jephthah, and 
Samson; and six subordinate, Shamgar, Tola, Jair, 
Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon/ 

The first of the judges, Othniel, |was Caleb's younger 
brother, and he delivered Israel, after eight years of 
oppression, from a Mesopotamian king, whose name is 
not given, but who is called Cushan-rishathaim, or the 
''Cushite of double wickedness." Judg. iii, 7-11. 

The next period of much interest is that of Deborah 
and Barak, and the oppression in this case, which con- 
tinued for twenty years, was by Jabin, whose capital was 
at Hazor, about five miles directly west of Lake Merom. 
This Canaanite king had nine hundred chariots of iron, 
and by using these in the open plain of Esdraelon he was 
able to cut ofi the northern tribes of Israel from those 
south of the plain and keep all in subjection. His 
general, Sisera, resided at Harosheth, placed by some 
near the Kishon, but by others thought to have been 
near Hazor. 

About three miles northeast of Hazor was Kedesh, 
the home of Barak, the general of the Israelite forces. 
Encouraged by the call of Deborah, the prophetess-judge 
of Mt. Ephraim, v^^ho also promised her presence, Barak 
was able to gather and train an army of ten thousand 
men, with which, by a sudden onset from Mt. Tabor, 
he defeated Sisera and pursued and slaughtered his 
entire force, while Sisera himself was slain by Jael in 
her tent. This marvelous triumph was celebrated by an 
ode, bearing every mark of having been written at the 
time. Judg. iv, v. 

After forty years of rest, and seven years of oppres- 
sion by the Midianites, who led into the land vast bands 
of Amalekites and Bedouin Arabs, ravaging the country 
and causing the people to hide in dens and caverns, 

iBeardslee, 56; Paterson, 11. But others, as Moore, International 
Critical Commentary on Judges, xxvlil, 104, would include Shamgar in 
the first list. 



Hebrew Nation Builders. 75 

Gideon was called to become a deliverer, God giving him 
unmistakable signs of success. He was from Ophrah in 
Manasseh, and made his striking test by which he sifted 
out of thirty-two thousand a company of three hundred 
at the spring or well of Harod, north of Mt. Gilboa. 
Near this point, in the southeast angle of the plain of 
Esdraelon, the host of the enemy was surprised by a 
night attack, Gideon's force using the device of lamps 
concealed in pitchers, and the routed and self-destroying 
foe rushed down the valley of Jezreel and across the 
Jordan. Judg. vi, vii. 

Two later arenas of struggle can be mentioned to- Jephthah and 
gether, one occurring east of the Jordan, and the other ^*"^**"- 
in the extreme southwest, because they are placed by 
some as contemporary. In the eastern field, Jephthah, 
"the Gileadite,'' overcame the children of Ammon; and 
in the western, on the border line between the Israelites 
and Philistines, Samson,^ of the tribe of Dan, came up to 
his unexampled exploits on behalf of himself and his 
people. Judg. xi — xvi. 

The survey of the period of the judges may close a Rude Age, 
with a glance at the two pictures of the times, one *'"*'" '^"***' 
formed by the two narratives in the latter part of the 
Book of Judges, showing traits of noblity as well as law- 
lessness, and the other by the charming idyl in the Book 
of Ruth. Judg, xvii — xxi; Ruth i — iv. 

According to the chronological table, ^ the period of Years of the 
the Early Judges, beginning with Othniel and ending **®'^°*** 
with Samson, would be 130 years, or from 1217 B. 0. 
to 1087 B. C. Many scholars favor the view that some 
of the judges may have done their work in different 
parts of th3 land at the same time, and that the "forty 
years " so often given is a round number for a generation. 
Yet the brevity of time allowed for the period forms a 
part of the problem of chronology for all Old Testament 
history before the age of David, that awaits fuller 
solution. 



1 See Map 11, p. 90. 2 Page 20 of text-book. 



76 Studies in the Old Testament. 

** Righteousness exalteth a nation ; but sin is a 
reproach to any people." We read this truth every- 
where. It is clearly demonstrated in every period 
of the life of the chosen people. It is the verdict of 
history. The issue of modern events declares it 
true as God Himself. 



STUDY Vm.— Second Day. Memory Verse, Judg. v, 23. 

Eead Judg. iv, 1-v, 7. There is some evidence (Judg. 
v, 20, 21) that a storm, making the plain soft and swelling 
the Kishon to a torrent, greatly helped the Israelites. 
Smith observes: *'But the victory won that day by the 
Plain over the Canaanites was not so great as the victory 
won by Israel over the Plain. "^ The Plain might have 
divided the Israelites, but in this contest six of the tribes, 
embracing those on both sides of the Plain were repre- 
sented, so it is the first marked sign of future national 
unity. The song of Deborah has been greatly praised for 
dramatic and poetic power. 

Scripture Outline. 

Judges: (1) Introduction, i — iii, 6; (2) Narrative of the 
judges, iii, 7 — xvi ; (3) Two supplemental narratives, (a) Migj'a- 
tion of the Danites, xvii, xviii ; (b) Punishment and preserva- 
tion of the tribe of Benjamin, xix — xxi. 

Euth : (1) Efforts to escape from trouble, i, 1-9 ; (2) Euth's 
faith and devotion, i, 10-22; (8) Winning the care and love of 
a kinsman, ii — iv, 17 ; (4) Genealogy of David, iv, 18-22. 

STUDY VIII. — Third Day. Memory Verse, Judg. vii, 7. 

Eead Judg. vii, 1-21. The great lesson most impress- 
ively demonstrated here is that power in Christian ag- 
gressive work does not come from numbers, but from 
union of the true-hearted, courageous, and alert. 
Suggestions for Map Work. 

Make an outline of the Plain of Esdraelon, its sur- 
rounding territory, mountains, streams, towns, gateways^ 

3 Smith, 896. 



Hebrew Nation Builders. 



77 



and study it especially as the battlefield of Palestine. 
See Map 9 in text-book; Smith, 381-410, and Plate VI; 
MacCoun, I, 24-28, Maps 25, 26; Calkin, 28-30, Map 8. 




Map 9. Plain of Esdraelon and Northward. 



STUDY VIIL—Fourth Day. Memory Verses, Judg. ix, 8-15. 

Read Judg. xi, 12-15, 26-40. While there has been 
a vast amount of discussion concerning Jephthah's vow 
and its fulfillment (vs. 30, 31, 39), the fact that the 






78 Studies in the Old Testament. 

Hebrew conjunction between the clauses in vs. 31 can be 
rendered "or," so that passage would read *^it shall be 
Jehovah's (if a person), or I will offer it up for a burnt- 
offering" (if an animal proper for sacrifice), makes it 
possible to consider the result as her devotement to 
celibacy. Yet it is to be recognized that many hold that 
her life was taken to make complete the demands of her 
father's vow in that age. 

General References. 

Blaikie, 193-205, 21^215 ; Ottley, 101-119 ; Barnicott, 56-67 ; 
Beardslee, 55-59, 173-176; Burney, 19, 37, 40, 79, 80; Matheson, 
II, 128-171 ; W. B., 45-91 ; Brown, 29-49 ; Price, 129-181 ; Pater- 
son, entire. 

STUDY vm.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Judg. xvi, 80. 

Eead Judg. xvi^ 15-31. ]S"ote Smith on Samson: *'We 
see at one sweep of the eye all the course in which this 
uncurbed strength, at first tumbling and sporting with 
laughter like one of its native brooks, like them also ran 
to the flats and the mud, and being darkened and be- 
fouled, was used by men to turn their mills."* 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Class-work. 

1. God's discipline for purity and strength. Deut. viii, 2; 
Judg. ii, 21, 22 ; iii, 1, 2, 4 ; v, 23 ; vii, 7 ; xiii, 4, 5 ; Ruth ii, 11, 
12; Job V, 17 ; xxiii, 10; Psa. cxix, 67. 

2. Deborah and her ideal of national unity. Judg. v, 1-23 ; 
Blaikie, 197, 198; Ottley, 103, 107, 108; Paterson, 17-19; Smith, 
396, 397 ; Kittel, History of the Hebrews, II, 74, 75. 

8. A study of Gideon's call and his selection of the three 
hundred. Judg. vi, 11— vii, 8 ; Ottley, 109-111 ; Paterson, 22-26 ; 
Smith, 397-399. 

4. Points of weakness in Samson^s character and work. 
Blaikie, 204; Paterson, 50, 51, 55, 56. 

5. Lessons to be gathered from Ruth's devotion. Ruth i, 
16, 17; Ottley, 117; Matheson, II, 140, 141; Bib. Ency. 

6. Garments and ornaments in the time of the Judges. 
Judg. iii, 16; v, 30; viii, 24-26; xiv, 12; xvii, 10; Ruth iii, 3, 
15 ; Hast. Bib. Diet., arts. " Dress," " Ornaments." 



4 Hist. Geo. H. L., 222. 






Hebrew Nation Builders. 79 

STUDY VIM.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Judg. xvii, 13. 

Eead Judg. xvii; xxi, 20-25. These selections from 
the two closing narratives of Judges will illustrate the 
disorganized religious and social state of the times. The 
dates of the events are thought by many to have been 
early in this period.^ 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. Can you mention five important cities which were not a 
once taken by the Hebrews (Judg.Jj? 

2. Will you give a list of the six or seven principal judges , ^ Llxi^jJUj 
in the early period ?^^ ■ ,.,, , , . , - j.... ..... . -^ /^..^v- r/t>M*X<^ f^^^TllJ^ 

3. Who are the three or four leading women characters in A ^M^-**"****^ 
the lesson?"? . f-i^fvl--' - ■ ^-. - ■■^- ■'.'' X) ^^ ''..'-^<i^,.t^ . 

4. Whose names are given as the grandfather and grand- 
mother of David ? ^, , 

STUDY VIM.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Euth i, 16. 

Read Ruth i, 14-22; ii, 8-12. Goethe calls the Book 
of Ruth, " the loveliest little epic and idyllic whole which 
has come down to us." 

Personal Thought. 

"The Spirit of Jehovah came upon (Heb. clothed 
itself with) Gideon." (Judg. vi, 34.) 

The key to all the best deeds of the judges is in the 
power of the Spirit of God resting upon them. In the 
case of Gideon the Hebrew idiom seems to imply such 
humility and measure of response that the Holy Spirit 
could make him as a garment that is worn for beauty and 
glory. 

Have I such complete responsiveness that the Spirit 
can use me as such a medium of his ministry ? 

fiMoore, Jttdgres, 372, 405; Pater son, 62-64, 77; Blaikle, 214; Ottley, 105. 






PART IV— NINTH ^SVEEK. 
SAMUEL. 



Centralizing 

Tendencies 

Begin. 



Samuel a 
Pledge of the 
Future. 



STUDY IX.~First Day. Memory Verse, 1 Sam. i, 27. 

Bead 1 Sam. i, 9-11, 19-22, 25-28. 
Narrative. 

"While the times of Eli and Samuel are still in the age 
of the judges, it is felt at once, as soon as the Book of 
First Samuel is entered, that one is in a new period of 
Hebrew history. The record, it is true, belongs to the 
epoch in which the nation is being built, evidences of a 
low state of morals, of a lack of social cohesion, of grave 
abuses and disorders continue to exist. But the differ- 
ence is in the fact that the forces that are to make the 
nation have begun to crystallize. Even in the case of 
Eli there is seen a gravitation of the thoughts of Israel 
toward a center. It is not known as to how he came to 
be a judge, but it was probably, as with others, through 
military prowess in delivering the people. If this 
occurred in his earlier life and then, as being in the 
descent from Aaron, he was also priest, the union of the 
two offices in him, in connection with the sanctuary and 
ark at Shiloh, would form a unique means of unification. 
The simple statement that Elkanah, the father of Sam- 
uel, "went up out of his city from year to year to 
worship and to sacrifice unto Jehovah of hosts in Shiloh " 
(1 Sam. i, 3) conveys the impression of a far more settled 
and orderly state of society throughout Israel than has 
hitherto prevailed. 

Still more is future Hebrew national life assured with 
the appearance of Samuel. Three times does the Hebrew 
spirit and influence seem to have a rebirth in the coming 

80 



Hebrew Nation Builders. 8i 

of a little child — in the case of Moses, Samuel, and 
Christ. The Magnificat of Mary is the flower of which 
the song of Hannah (1 Sam. ii) is the bud; and the 
words of Luke (ii, 52) sweetly recall the words of this 
earlier historian, "And the child Samuel grew on, and 
increased in favor both with Jehovah and also with men " 
(1 Sam. ii, 26). Eli was old, and physically and morally 
weak ; Samuel was young, and destined to show splendid 
moral and spiritual strength. Eli had been priest- judge, 
but Samuel will be priest-prophet-judge, guiding his 
people into new channels, a nation-builder and king- 
maker. 

Samuel's first great work is one of the most important The Child 
ever committed to a child of his tender years — the trans- Messenger. 
mission of God's message of condemnation of Eli's house ; 
and it is not strange that the record should say at its 
close, *'And all Israel from Dan to Beersheba knew that 
Samuel was established to be a prophet of Jehovah.'' 
1 Sam. iii. 

The term "prophet" has the meaning of one who nigh 
speaks from God; and he was also called "the man of P'^p*****" 
God" and the "seer," the latter coming from his power 
of prophetic vision.^ All these terms were applied to 
Samuel (1 Sam. viii, 8-11). And while there were 
"bands of prophets" or schools or communities of men 
in his day especially devoted to music and prophecy 
(1 Sam. X, 5-13), it does not appear that Samuel dwelt 
with them. His mission as prophet seems to be of that 
higher type which formed such a molding force in all of 
Israel's later history, and first after Moses, he began the 
long line of religious statesmen who guided Hebrew 
development from the point of view of Jehovah's will. 
"With this his work as judge, and even as priest, was in 
complete accord (1 Sam. vii, 15-17), for all these offices 
had a religious-national aspect. Well does Professor 
Davidson sa^^ that Samuel pursued this end "with more 

iBurney, 86, 87; Salmond, 76, 77; Hast. Bib. Diet., IV, 108, 113. 
6 



82 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Israel's 
Disgrace 
Under Ell. 



Mizpah, 

Ebenezer, 

Ramah. 



People 
Request a 
King. 



Samuel a 
King-maker. 



splendid initiative than any of his successors. He cre- 
ated the nation by giving it a king.'" 

Samuel's childhood is followed by a period in which 
the life of Israel sinks very low, through the evil rule of 
Eli's sons, and the war begun in vain confidence with 
the Philistines, and ending in the capture of the ark. 
Probably Shiloh was sacked and the tabernacle without 
its most sacred object, was conveyed by the Levites to 
Nob, and later to Gibeon/ When the ark was returned 
by the Philistines it found a lodging-place for most of 
the time at Kiriath-jearim, in the house of Abinadab. 
1 Sam. iv — vii, 1. (See Maps 10, 11.) 

After twenty years a new spirit seemed to come to the 
people, "and all the house of Israel lamented after 
Jehovah." Samuel then gathered them to Mizpah and 
led them in their service of repentance, and when the 
Philistines were about to attack them his intercession 
brought to their aid a powerful thunderstorm. After 
Israel's victory, Samuel set up a memorial stone, calling 
it Ebenezer. For many years, his circuit as judge was 
to Bethel, Gilgal, and Mizpah while his home was at 
Eamah, where he built an altar. 1 Sam. vii. 

In his old age he made his sons judges, but *'they 
walked not in his ways,'^ and the people longed for a 
king. God told Samuel to hearken to their voice. It 
would be a descent from the theocratic idea, yet out of 
their choice would come the unifying and military force 
apparently needed before Israel could repel her enemies 
and become a nation. 

Directed by Jehovah, Samuel entertained and then 
anointed Saul of the tribe of Benjamin as the first king of 
Israel. But when, after a good beginning, he gradually 
showed more and more disregard of God's commands, 
Samuel, who more than once had faithfully reproved 
him, was told to cease mourning for him, and to go to 



2 Hast. Bib. Diet., IV, 108. 

31 Sam. xxi, 1, 6; xxii, 19; 1 Chron. xvl, 3»; xxi, 29; Salmond, 44. 



Hebrew Nation Builders. 83 

Bethlehem and anoint David the son of Jesse as successor 
to the throne. In a later scene, when David is fleeing 
from Saul, he comes to Samuel in Eamah and they con- 
fer together. At the time, the aged leader is head of 
the company of prophets at Naioth near by. 1 Sam. 
viii — xix. 

The simple record is finally given (1 Sam. xxv, 1), his Death. 
'*and Samuel died; and all Israel gathered themselves 
together, and lamented him, and buried him in his house 
at Eamah." On the basis of 1 Sam. vii, 2, the term of 
Samuel's administration is reckoned as twenty years, 
from 1047 to 1027 B. C, with the preceding forty years, 
from 1087 to 1047 B. C, assigned to Eli.* 



Max Muller declares, ** The scent of flo^vers does 
not travel against the 'wind; but the odor of good 
people travels even against the wind : a good man 
pervades every place." And Thoreau says, ♦* Good- 
ness is the only investment that never fails." 

Samuel was a good man. The investment of his 
saintly character has yielded large dividends. 



STUDY IX.— Second Day. Memory Verse, 1 Sam. ii, 26. 

Read 1 Sam, ii, 1-19. The rare beauty of the picture 
of this little child minister is placed against the dark 
background of the impious and corrupt sons of Eli. 
Scripture Outline. 

1 Samuel (records of the three characters overlap) : (1) 
Samuel, i — viii (also in part ix— xxv) ; (2) Saul, ix — xvi (also in 
part xvii— xxxi) ; (3) David, xvii— xxxi. 

STUDY IX.— Third Day. Memory Verse, 1 Sam. iii, 10. 

Read 1 Sam. iii. The chapter suggests what unex- 
pected directions the Spirit of God takes in the selection 
of his instruments. 

4 Hast. Bib. Diet., 1, 399. But Moore, Judges, page xlil, seeks to show 
that Saul's reign Is not reckoned in the Bible, because it is regarded as 
lUegitiniate, and he assigns twenty years to Ell's administration, and 
forty to Samuel's. 



84 Studies in the Old Testament. 

Suggestions for Map Work. 

Make a map of Northern Judea and Southern Samaria, 
and locate Shiloh, Bethel, Gilgal, Eamah, Mizpah, Eben- 
ezer, Kiriath-jearim. See Map 10 in text-book; Stewart, 
Chap. XV, on "The Mountains of Benjamin;" MacCoun, 
II, 38, and Map 82^; Hurlbut, 60-64. 



SHILOH° 



RAMAH 



O BETH EL 

oMICHMASH 



O oGIBEAH oJER'CHO 

MIZRAHO GILGAL 

KIRIATH-JEARIM K,ogO oANATHOTH 

BETH-SHEMESH ^^BETHLEHEM/b^^^SAI 



Map 10. Central Palestine, Samuel to David. 

STUDY IX.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, 1 Sam. vii, 12. 

Read l^Sam. vii. In this chapter is condensed the 
record of a great religious and national revival and res- 
toration of Israel, such as places Samuel beside Moses as 
a founder and builder of the Hebrew commonwealth. 
The devoted friend and reformer of his people is seen as 
prophet, priest, and ruler, and so becomes typical of 
Christ.^ 

General Keferences. 

Blaikie, 205-207, 222-224; Ottley, 120-128; Barnicott, 67-75; 
Beardslee, 59-63 ; Burney, 44, 46, 62, 68, 80, 85-87 ; Matheson, 
I, 239-260; Price, 131, 132; Salmond, 7-80; 

STUDY IX.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, 1 Sam. x, 24. 

Read 1 Sam. x, 17-25 ; xv, 22, 23. Samuel was a man 
so large in nature that he could induct a king into a place 
which had been largely his own, and then announce to 
this king that he had forfeited his throne when it became 
clear that he would not respond to the will of God. 



6 Salmond, 61 ; Sinker, 7. 



Hebrew Nation Builders. Sj 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Class-work. 

1. Grod's choice of the childlike and responsive. Judg. xiii, 
24 ; 1 Sam. ii, 18, 26 ; iii, 19, 20 ; xvi, 11-13 ; 1 Kings iii, 7-14 ; Isa. 
xi, 6 ; Matt, xi, 25, 26 ; xviii, 1-4. 

2. The worth and weakness of Eli. Blaikie, 205 ; Salmond, 
8-24, 41, 42. 

3. Samuel's greatness of character and service. Blaikie, 
207 ; Matheson, I, 244-257 ; Salmond, 60-80. 

4. Meaning of the words prophet and seer. 1 Sam. ix, 9 ; 
Ottley, 123, 124; Salmond, 76, 77. 

5. Principles of a revival, as seen in 1 Sam. vii. Blaikie, 
207 ; Salmond, 52-59. 

6. Domestic animals in Israel in the time of the Judges. 
Judg. vi, 4, 19, 25, 26 ; vii, 5 ; 1 Sam. ix, 3 ; xxv, 2 ; Blaikie, 208 ; 
Bib. Diet. arts. " Cattle,'* etc. 

STUDY IX — Sixth Day. Memory Verse, 1 Sam. xii, 2. 

Read 1 Sam. xii, 1-15; xix, 18-20. Israel's "king- 
maker" is seen in these passages as giving an account of 
how he has conducted himself in his own high office as 
judge and leader of Israel, and afterward as a source of 
strength and comfort to David, when Saul was seeking 
his life. 
Questions for Written Answers. 

1. To what tribe did Samuel belong ? w^O'V<* // * ( 

2. With whom and where did he serve when a child ? Y^f £ > (]}J^..iJjM-^ 

3. What happened to the ark during his earlier life ? J '^-'h*^' S "^ 

4. In what two places was the tabernacle probably kept ^ ^, ^ ^ y 
after it was removed from Shiloh ? See Narrative. Xt-lv^ M.- <■ ^t.^^iA***^ *(f^=^.f^ j f^ 

5. What three kinds of service did Samuel render in Israel? l^-^t-j^^v.^fw^^'.^^^^ 

6. What two men did he anoint as kings ? <f ^.ju^ •■ ^X^ J ./« /. /7 
STUDY IX.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, 1 Sam. xii, 23. 

Read Psa. xcix, 7, 8; Jer. xv, 1. 
Personal Thought. 

"I have walked before you from my youth unto this 
day." (1 Sam. xii, 2.) 

Next to the approval of God, the best possession in 
life is a clean record before our fellowmen. 

Do you purpose, if you are still young, to see that this 
part of your life shall have only that in it about which 
you can ever carry a clear conscience ? 



PART Y. 
HEBREW NATIONAL LIFE. 



TENTH 'WEEK. 
SAUL. 



STUDY X.— First Day. Memory Verse, 1 Sam. ix, 17. 
Read 1 Sam. ix. 

Narrative. 
Renewed At the beginning of the period of national life, which 

Growth of 
Hebrew Unity. 



Growth of includes the summit of Israel's Old Testament history, it 



may be well to notice briefly how the unity of the Hebrew 
people was restored from the low point to which it sunk 
during the time of the Judges. At various points in that 
period, confederacies of two or more tribes were formed. 
Such a compact between the tribes of Judah and Simeon 
is indicated in Judges i, 3. " The house of Joseph" 
(Judg. i, 22), or the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, 
were the natural head of another confederacy, which in 
general included Benjamin and Dan. This group was 
represented in the rising under Ehud (Judg. iii, 15, 27). 
In the movement under Deborah and Barak the northern 
group, Issachar, Zebulun, Xaphtali, Dan, Asher, was in 
part joined with that just mentioned in overcoming 
Jabin; but in her ode, the prophetess mentions either for 
praise or blame all the tribes except Judah and Simeon.^ 
The force which Jephthah led against the Ammonites 
(Judg. xi. 29) was probably a confederacy of the tribes 
east of the Jordan; and the jealousy of the Ephraimite 
group led to the quarrel and slaughter of Judges xii, 1-6, 
with use of the test-word '^ Shibboleth. " ' 



1 Smith, 392, " Machlr stands for Manasseh, Gllead for Gad " (Judg, 
▼,14,17). 

2 See Paterson, 80, 81. 



Hebrew National Life. 87 

The most complete assembly of the tribes during this 
time was in the action against Benjamin for upholding 
the men of Gibeah in their wickedness. The extent of 
the movement is stated to be **from Dan even to Beer- 
sheba, with the land of Gilead" (Judg. xx, 1), and for 
the first time it is seen that the tribe of Judah (vs. 18) is 
joined with those to the north, and even leads the battle 
against the Benjamites. 

Under Samuel the feeling of oneness of the entire signs of one- , 
land rapidly increased (1 Sam. iii, 20; vii, 2, 5). The^J^J^'j 
very fact that his sons were judges in Beersheba (viii, 2) saui. 
shows that the southern tribes were now more firmly 
joined with the northern. But the strongest proof of a 
new unity of Israel is the attitude of Judah during the 
years when Saul was seeking the life of David. As this 
magnetic man of their own tribe, known to be in line for 
the kingship, was slowly gaining strength, only genuine 
attachment to the new national life would have held the 
tribe of Judah loyal to Saul. 

Even the surrounding enemies and the wars with them warg Welding 
by the Israelites tended to weld the people together. Qf**** "******'*• 
these foes, the Philistines, occupying the Plain and the 
low range of hills called the Shephelah, west of southern 
and central Israel, had gradually become a strong military 
power, with a league of five leading cities, Ashdod, Gaza, 
Ashkelon, Gath, and Ekron (1 Sam. vi, 17). So com- 
plete was their control over Israel in the early part of the 
reign of Saul that they permitted no smith to prepare 
weapon or tool for use there, "but all the Israeli ties went 
down to the Philistines, to sharpen every man his share, 
and his coulter, and his ax, and his mattock" (1 Sam. 
xiii, 20). 

All the previous conditions, therefore, made it imper- Type of King 
ative that the Hebrews attain stronger nationality. Says 
a recent writer, *' Clearly they were blamed not for the fact 
that they had asked for a king, but that they pictured to 
themselves a king who was like any other Eastern despot," 



88 Studies in the Old Testament. 

instead of " a theocratic king, wielding an authority which 
was at all times the carrying out of God's will."' Here 
may be seen the principal point in which Saul failed. He 
was self-willed, he would not constantly ask simply to 
know the will of God and then do it. 
Sani's Points Saul began well, and he had some excellent qualifica- 
of strength, ^^^j^g ^s founder of the Hebrew monarchy. The first was 
his pleasing and impressive bodily presence. '* There was 
not among the children of Israel a goodlier person than 
he: from his shoulders and upward he was higher than 
any of the people" (1 Sam. ix, 2). He was also humble, 
forbearing, decisive, and brave. His highest mark of 
influence is that he held Israel together in a time of im- 
mense danger and stress. 
Hi« Tragic On the other hand, his nature and career gradually 

Failure. swung to the side and swept on to the shore of terrible 

failure and disaster. He became headstrong, abnormally 
melancholy and jealous, implacable in his purpose to 
destroy David, and at last superstitious and desperate. 
No other character in the Bible is so tragic. 
Hit Selection. When Saul appears in the narrative, he is a young 
man, and in company with his servant, supposed by some 
to be Doeg the Edomite, is seeking his father's asses. The 
two men did not succeed in their quest and were about to 
return home, when the servant proposed that they consult 
Samuel. It had already been revealed to the prophet 
that the man of Benjamin who should call was God's 
choice for king. Saul is accordingly kept, entertained 
with tokens and words showing the high station for 
which he is destined, and before he leaves is anointed. 
(1 Sam. ix — x, 1). 
His Public Later the people are assembled at Mizpah, Saul is 

designated as king by lot, confirmed by the people, and 
the constitution of the new monarchy is recorded. His 
first kingly act is to rally Israel and deliver Jabesh-gilead 
by a defeat of the Ammonites. Samuel now secures the 

8 Sinker, 13. 



Approval and 
First Act 



Hebrew National Life. 89 

more firm ratification of Saul's kingship, and then lays 
down his own work as judge. (1 Sam. x, 2 — xii). 

Wars with the Philistines and other surrounding hig Disobedi- 
peoples follow, and Samuel has to reprove Saul for his ®"*^' ""*'®^ •* 
stubborn disobedience. David slays Goliath and is more Death. 
highly praised by the women in song than Saul. Though 
he has soothed Saul in his melancholy by his music, and 
later becomes the king's son-in-law by marrying Michal, 
though Jonathan comes to love the young Bethlehemite 
with an affection '* passing the love of women," Saul pur- 
sues him for years. Twice David spares his enemy's life. 
At last, confronted by a powerful force of the Philistines, 
Saul, getting no light from any Divine oracle, goes from 
Mt. Gilboa to the Witch of Endor. There a message from 
Samuel, who perhaps is permitted to appear from the 
dead, confirms the king's worst fears, and the next day 
he and his three sons are slain. His reign from the 
retirement of Samuel as judge was probably ten years, or 
from 1027 to 1017 B. C* (1 Sam. xiii— xxxi). 



Saul was a man of unusual native po^ver. His 
character is spoiled by a dominating selfishness. He 
might have become one of the masterful spirits of 
the world had he directed his abilities along the 
right lines. 

" Unless above himself he can erect himself, 
How mean a thing is man !" 



STUDY X.— Second Day. Memory Verse, 1 Sam. xi, 13. 

Eead 1 Sam. xi. In this chapter, both in vigorous 
action, and in restraint in not punishing his countrymen 
who at the start had thought lightly of his ability, is seen 
the nobler Saul. 
Scripture Outline. 

Chapter names of 1 Samuel: 1. Samuel's birth; 2. Han- 
nah's song ; 3. The boy Samuel ; 4. The ark taken ; 5. Philistines 
4 Hast. Bib. Diet., 1, 899, 401, column (c). 



4^^ 



Id Testament. 



./ 



'/: 



U^. ^fun^-f ^§-^1 ^Studies rnlthS' did 









/^^ .^ J>6.^*,^^ 






afflicted ; 6. The ark restored ; 7. Ebenezer ; 8. Asking for a 

king; 9. Saul chosen; 10. Saul anointed; 11. Saul conquers 

Ammonites, confirmed; 12. Samuel's farewell; 13. At Mich- 

•J^ash, Saul's unlawful burnt-offering; 14. Battle of Michmash, 



»Mi4fc^-^' 



Jonathan saved ; 15. Affair of the Amalekites, Saul rejected 



16. David anointed king, plays before Saul; 17. David and 
^^JyJfJjt, Goliath; 18. Saul jealous of David, David marries Michal; 19. 
David helped by Jonathan and Michal, meets Samuel ; 20. Jona- 
^flM^ /Hr f'/V»'t#*VH4han's fidelity to David ; 21. David with Ahimelech and Achish ; 
/^' -hiA/^LiilAJ ^^ 22. Cave of Adullam, crime of Doeg and Saul ; 23. David in the 
* • f' South Country ; 24. Engedi, David spares Saul in the cave ; 25. 

'**^ ^ David kept from killing Nabal, marries Abigail and Ahinoam ; 

_ I . .1 26. David spares Saul at Ziph; 27. David at Gath and Ziklag; 

28. Saul with the Witch of Endor ; 29. David's return from the 
north; 30. Recaptures wives, divides spoil; 31. Saul and his 
burial at Jabesh-gilead. 



'C^.AC*v.^ "t '^>-' sons slain 



Day. 



^' i*^^ STUDY X.— Third 

/ "^Read 1 »am. xiii. 



Memory Verse, 1 Sam. xiii, 19. 
Read 1 Sam. xiii. The first serious false step of Saul 
is his offering of sacrifice, instead of waiting the coming 
of Samuel. * 



o^tV 



,eEZER 



6IBE0N 



^.^ A \^°^AH^<^'>^ JERUSALEM 

'I t^ / ^ASHDOD^'i'o OBETH-SHEMESH 
GATHo'UeyoFELft* 



(^ /o 



ASHKELON 



SOCOH° 

DAVID ; 

G0trA°TH 

I sam.xvii,!,! 



BETHLEHEM 



ADULLAM 



LACHI5H HEBRON, 



DEADg 
SEA 



GAZA 



ZIKLAG 



MAONo 



ENGEDI/ 
O Oj 

ZIPH ' 



Map 11. Philistdtes, Samson, David, Saul. 



Suggestions for Map Work. 

Make a map of the territory of Philistia and the South 
Country; study the physical features of each, as the 
Maritime Plain, the Shephelah, and the Negeb; locate 



Hebrew National Life. 91 

the five Philistine cities, and Ziklag, AduUam, Ziph, 
Maon, and Engedi. See Maps 1 and 11 and Map L in 
text-book ; Blaikie, Map 3 ; Ottley, Maps 4, 5 ; MacCoun, 
I, 15-18, 40, Maps 16-18, 40; II, 39, 40, Maps 83, 84. 

STUDY X.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, 1 Sam. xv, 22. 

Read 1 Sam. xv, 1-23. The willfulness and presump- 
tion of Saul now causes his rejection. Mr. Moody well 
remarks, ** Sacrifice without obedience is sacrilege." 

General References. 

Blaikie, 222-229 ; Ottley, 125-135 ; Barnicott, 71-81 ; Beards- 
lee, 60-62; Burney, 30, 41, 51, 81, 82, 87: Matheson, II, 172-194; 
Price, 131-133 ; Salmond, 80-104 ; Sinker, 1-60. 

STUDY X.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, 1 Sam. xxviii, 6. 

Read 1 Sam. xxviii, 3-19. Perhaps there is no better 
evidence that a genuine religious experience was the 
fundamental lack with Saul than his desperate plunge 
into the occult in this supreme crisis. 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in ^ 

Class-work. ^^^^ ^^^- 1 ^(i, Am, ^M' t n'J^^^ ' 

1. Divine penalty for impiety /lud sacrilege. Lev^x, 1^ 2 ; ^ ^ }%J^i"^ f'H^^vi 
Num. iv, 20; x vii i^7 ; 1 Sam. ii, 30V*V|.19;-^iii, 9, 12-14; xv, 22, ^.^.^ J ^ i^ ' ' 
Sg, 28 ; 2 Jai&Jri..^,7 ; Jer. xxxvi, 23,"29-31. -C^-^^. ""^\ ' 

2. Scenes light and dark in Saul's life. Blaikie, 223-229 ; // "^-^-v^v 
Ottley, 125-135 ; Barnicott, 71-81 ; Matheson, I, 265-270 ; II, 173, 

185, 186; Salmond, 80-103; Sinker, 11-61. 

3. Jonathan. Matheson, II, 172-194; Sinker, 24-42; Knox- 
Little, 28-37, 43, 44, 61. 

4. The Philistines. Blaikie, 179 ; Price, 130-133 ; Bennett, 
21 ; Sinker, 3,4. 

5. Jabesh-gilead. 1 Sam. xi, 1-11; xxxi, 11-13; Blaikie, 
224, 225, 228, 239; Bib. Diet. 

6. Armor and weapons of war at the founding of the mon- 
archy. 1 Sam. xiii, 19 ; xvii, 5-7, 38-40, 49 ; Judg. xx, 16 ; 1 Sam. 
xviii, 4; xx,38,40; xxxi, 3; 2Sam. i, 18; Sinker, 23; Bib. Diet., 
**Armor,'' etc. 

STUDY X.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, 1 Chron. x, 13. 

Read 1 Chron. x. The account of Saul's death, as 
given in vs. 4, 5, and in 1 Sam. xxxi, 4, 5, differs from the 



92 Studies in the Old Testament. 

story of the Amalekite recorded in 2 Sam. i, 6-10, but it 
is thought that he made up his account as he supposed 
would secure him favor with David. ^ 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. How were the Israelites at fault in asking for a king, 
since God told Samuel tp hearken to their request ? See Nar- 
rative. >*>^' 1^;--^'-^ ''; r- ■'^.^^'j.t '' ;; >. >,.... 

2. What were some of the favorable qualities of Saul ? /"^ ■' ^ 

3. In what lay the chief cause of his failure ? ^^'^ 'J i^ ^ f^ K / ' ^ 

4. How would you describe the character of Jonathan ? '/A^-ftX''t^ '^ 

5. What are spme of the evidences that he gave of his love » 'iAAXjiS^Aj^yjJL 
for David ? ^ r-i-tf'-^^ ^-^J^.^ -H L ■ a<'--' i ''. ^.«^*4*^ a-"H<A<*^ fZ^^^ 

6. What city did Saul deliver from great peril in his first 

battle? ,^-^J H -i - \^h^A^. • . . ; 

7. What evidence did the men o^ the city give that his, 
service was remembered-? y . v .■. **w^ - -vaiS^^*^ -*Xt.^^^; 




STUDY X. — Seventh Day. Menibi-y Versef^ Sam. i, 26. 

Bead 2 Sam. 1, 17-27. This tribute of David to Saul 
and Jonathan is justly regarded as one of the most 
beautiful and touching elegies ever produced. It would 
be well to commit vs. 19-27 to memory. 

Personal Tliought. 

"Behold, I have played the fool, and I have erred 
exceedingly." (1 Sam. xxvi, 21.) 

This confession was wrung from Saul late in life, as 
he contrasted his course with that of David, who had just 
spared his life for the second time. 

Should I not be alert and on my guard, lest I indulge 
some sin that will lead me to utter the same words in 
self -judgment? 



5 Sinker, 59. 



PART v.— ELEVENTH W1SEK. 
DAVID. 



STUDY XI. —First Day. Memory Verse, 1 Sam. xvi, 12. 
Read 1 Sam. xvi, 1-13. 

Narrative. 

With the reign of David, Hebrew national life attains FuitNaHonai 

Life and 
iOnglyOavid. 



its full development. While Solomon adds features of^"**"** 



splendor, he also introduces the seeds of decadence, as 
compared with the fresh and virile era of his father. 
The shepherd boy, who through great barriers and suffer- 
ings comes to kingship, reveals at every turn such rare 
powers of nature, such delicate and ideal modes of feel- 
ing, such utterance of all heart-cries, especially for God 
and goodness, that in spite of his failures and sins he 
has endeared himself to the whole race. In form and 
face he combined points of unusual attraction, so that in 
youth, it is said of him, that he was *' ruddy and withal 
of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look upon" 
(1 Sam. xvi, 12). He was an athlete, able, without 
weapon, to slay the prowling bear from Lebanon or the 
lurking lion from the Jordan ; to sling a stone at a hair- 
breadth and not miss, or break a bow of steel with 
his hands. He became one of the ablest warriors of his 
time. He was a true king of men, having the wisdom, 
magnetism, patience, and far-reaching plans with which 
to lead and enlarge the nation. lie was also an intense 
lover of nature, a poet, and musician, showing the most 
surprising sentiments of nobility and chivalry, of refine- 
ment, love, and religion, gleaming out of those old times 
of rapine and war, like cardinal flowers out of dark 
woods. He was a man of faith, ever yearning, in the 



94 Studies in the Old Testament. 

depths of his soul, for God, and to -whom it was impos- 
sible to live without God's favor. Because he thus 
combines the two great polar opposites, strength and 
gentleness ; because he was ever in the stress of practical 
affairs as a leader of men, and yet so sensitive that he 
felt the emotional side in all life and at the same time 
was profoundly religious, he has interpreted all human 
experiences more helpfully than any other writer of the 
Bible. Even the very strength of his passions and the 
depth of his sin, marked by his most genuine repentance, 
is perhaps overruled to bring him nearer than he would 
have been to many. 
HisEariiei' The first view that the Scriptures give of David is 

Ymts. when God directs Samuel to go to Bethlehem to conduct 

a sacrifice at the home of Jesse, and to anoint one of his 
sons as Israel's future king. David was in the field 
''keeping the sheep," but when he is called, after his 
brothers have passed before the prophet, Jehovah desig- 
nates him as the one chosen. Not only was he anointed 
by Samuel, but "the spirit of Jehovah came mightily 
upon" him "from that day forward.'^ It was not long 
before he was called to Saul's court, to play upon his 
harp as a relief to the king's strange melancholy. 1 
Sam. xvi. 
His L«ap Into David next slays Goliath, and the tribute of the 
Fame and "vvomen in their songs to David as having slain his *'ten 
Jealousy. thousands," but to Saul "his thousands" arouses the 
monarch's jealousy and growing hatred, that never after- 
ward ceases. Still, at first David is promoted to military 
command, and Saul's daughter given him in marriage, yet 
only as a part of the king's purpose to secure his being 
slain. These plans all fail, as well as Saul's own attempts 
on David's life, by casting his spear at him and sending 
armed men to his home. From the first, a devotion, 
without parallel, has been kindled in the heart of 
Jonathan for David, "and Jonathan loved him as his 
own soul." The time came when David must forsake 



Hebrew National Life. 95 

his home and part from his bosom friend, and become 
a wanderer and outlaw. 1 Sam, xvii — xxi. 

A long period of extreme peril ensues, during which Years of Peru. 
a band of followers, numbering four hundred or more, 
gradually gather around David. Most of his places of 
refuge were in the south part of the territory of Judah, 
which evidences to the friendliness of many of his own 
tribe to David's cause. He is able to requite this help by 
sending portions from his spoil at a later date (1 Sam. 
XXX, 26-31). He also found some places of refuge outside 
his own land, as with the king of Moab for his parents 
and for himself in Philistia. During this period, his 
marriage with Abigail and Ahinoam occurred, and he 
finally was granted Ziklag by Achish of Gath as a place 
where he and hia men, with their families, might abide. 
On the capture of this place by the Amalekites, David 
returns with his forces, pursues and slaughters these 
foes, and recovers all their own people and possessions, 
with much booty. The defeat of Israel, and death of 
Saul and his sons on Mt. Gilboa, close this period. 
1 Sam. xxii — xxxi; 1 Chron. x. 

The closing chapters in David's life were his reign at closing ch«p- 
Hebron over Judah for seven and a half years and over ^""^ ®* *-*'*• 
all Israel for thirty-three years, with Jerusalem, after its 
capture and fortification, as his capital. The most dis- 
tinctive events in these later years were the bringing of 
the ark to Jerusalem, David's great fall into temptation 
in the case of Bathsheba, his reproof by Nathan the 
prophet and repentance, the birth of Solomon, the sin 
and assassination of Amnon, the rebellion and death of 
Absalom, the conquest of all the surrounding enemies of 
Israel, and David's preparations for the building of the 
temple. The length of the reign of David is reckoned 
as forty years, from 1017 to 977 B. C.^ 2 Sam. i — xxiv; 
1 Kings i, ii, 11; 1 Chron. li — xxix. 



iHast. Bib. Diet., I, 401, columa (c). See also Ottley, 307. 



96 Studies in the Old Testament. 

** I took thee from the sheepcote, from following 
the sheep, to be ruler over my people, over Israel." 
Many of God's greatest servants have come from 
the humblest circumstances. In choosing a man 
for a great \vork, God seems to pay little attention 
to environment. An honest, sincere, and noble pur- 
pose in life seems to be the requisite for the Divine 
favor. All history proves it. 



STUDY XI.— Second Day. Memoi-y Verse, 1 Sam. xvii,45. 

Eead 1 Sam. xvii. Many a Goliath of evil, defying 
"the armies of the living God," to-day if met in the 
faith and courage of David, can be vanquished.* 

Scripture Outline. 

2 Samuel: (1) David's reign in Hebron over Judah, 1 — iv; 

(2) David assures his reign in Jerusalem over all Israel, v — ix ; 

(3) David's course after he was settled in the kingdom, x — xxiv. 

STUDY XI.— Third Day. Memory Verse, 1 Sam. xxv, 29. 

Read 1 Sam. xxv, 14-44. This passage shows inci- 
dentally how David and his men subsisted in part during 
these years. They could give protection to those who 
needed it (vs. 16), and might expect some supplies from 
such in return. The town of Jezreel from which Ahinoam 
came (vs. 43) was in Judah, and not the northern Jezreel. 

Suggestions for Map Work. 

Make a map showing the extent of territory finally 
under David and Solomon which embraced 60,000 square 
miles as compared with 6,000 under Saul. See Map 12 



2 Prof. W. J. Beecher (Hast. Bib. Diet., II, 227) says on the height of 
GoUath : " Counting the cubit at 21 inches, this would make him over 11 
feet high, (1 Sam. xvii, 4), and over 9 feet high if we count the cubit a 
handbreadth shorter. If he was measured in his armor, from the 
ground to the top of his helmet-crest, this is not incredible, though he 
Is probably the largest man of whom we have any authentic record." 
But, in 1905, Machnow the Russian giant appearing in London was 
reported oy the Times and other papers to be 9 feet 8 inches high, which 
would probably fully equal the height of Goliath. 



Hebrew National Life 



97 



in text-book; Hurlbut, 68-71, and Map; MacConn, II, 
41-45, and Map 87. 




Hamath^ / 

karkar^ ./ 

\Taa/mor 
Kadesh of °/ 
the.Hittites / 

mascus / 



E2,ior),^-6ebcr 

"" llath 
BEDf ]SEA or Gu/f of Aha b ah 



Map 12. Kingdom of David and Solomon. 
STUDY XI.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Sam. vi, 15. 

Read 2 Sam. v, 1-12; vi, 1-15. The religious spirit 
of David is seen in the fact that as soon as Jerusalem is 
secured as his capital over all Israel and made free from 
any danger from Philistine incursions, he takes steps to 
bring the ark to this national center. 
General References. 

Blaikie, 229-257; Ottley, 128-149; Barnicott, 74-86 ; Beards- 
lee, 60-65, 210; Burney, 35, 61, 68, 69, 82; Matheson, I, 261-282; 
II, 195-216 ; W. B., 95-103 ; Brown, 52-59 ; Price, 133-136 ; Knox- 
Little, enth*e. 

STUDY XI.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Sam. xii, 7. 

Read 2 Sam. xii, 1-23. The example of Nathan 
teaches how important is the work of giving reproof, 
7 



98 Studies in the Old Testament. 

but also how essential to success is the way in which it 
is given. On verse 14, Mr. Moody notes, *' How often is 
David held up by infidels now ! The Scripture is fulfilled. '* 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Class-work. 

1. God is man's real heritage. Deut. xxx, 20 ; 2 Sam. vii 
24 ; Psa. zvi, 2, 5, xlii, 1, 2 ; Lam. iii, 24 ; Matt, vi, 33 ; Eom. viii, 
17 ; Rev. xxi, 8, 7. 

2. The far-reaching influence of David's genius. 2 Sam. 
vii, 9, 16; 1 Chron. xxviii, 4; xxix, 29, 30; Matt, xxii, 41, 42; 
Acts ii, 29-31 ; Blaikie, 231, 257 ; Matheson, I, 262-281. 

3. Sketch of Abner. 1 Sam. xiv, 50, 51 ; 2 Sam. ii, 8 — iv, 1 ; 
Ottley, 135, 136; Knox-Little, 61-63. 

4. Joab as illustrating the methods of a successful military 
commander of that time. Blaikie, 249; Hast. Bib. Diet. 

5. Brief dramatic story of Absalom's rebellion. 2 Sam. xiv- 
xviii ; Blaikie, 247-249 ; Ottley, 142-145 ; Barnicott, 84, 85. 

STUDY XI.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Sam. xviii, 33. 

Bead 2 Sam. xv, 1-12; xviii, 31-33. Here is seen in 
brief the rise and fall of the typical fast young man of 
Old Testament times. 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. What was David's appearance in hi^ youth ?/#t7?^ '• 

2. Where was David's first capital? ^f'( . --^uJ, ^ *^ 

3. How long did he reign there? J ^v = < *>i^ -"^^''^'^ ^ '" ' * 

4. What two nien mainly .hel^ together Northern ^Tsrael 
during this time?^/^ t' -M-i-' 4 y. Q,^^-S ■•[_ • - / ^-^ 7-' ' 

5. Who was David's leading general? ; . ' 

6. Can you briefly give the character and influence of David? 

STUDY XI. — Seventh Day. Memory Verse, 1 Chron. xvii, 7. 

Eead 1 Chron. xvii, 1-15. When David purposed to 
build a house for God, he was rewarded by God's prom- 
ise to build David's house so that it should last forever. 

Personal Thought. 

" I have found David ... a man after my heart.'* 
(Acts xiii, 22.) 



Hebrew National Life. 99 

Why does Paul state that, in substance, God says this 
of David ? Not because David was perfect, but because, 
as Paul adds, he met the Divine condition: he *' shall do 
all my will." 

Am I trying in this way to be one after God's heart ? 



PART v.— TW1E3LPTH W^EBK. 
SOLOMON. 



Contrasted 
Missions of 
David and 
Solomon. 



Judgments of 
Necessity or 
Policy. 



Solomon's 
Alliances aad 
Popularity. 



STUDY XII. — First Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings i, 39. 
Eead 1 Kings i, 32-40. 

Narrative. 

That the mission opening to Solomon was in marked 
contrast with that of David was clear from ^'fhe word of 
Jehovah," which came to David, saying, *'Thou shalt 
not build a house unto my name, because thou hast shed 
much blood. . . . Behold, a son shall be born to 
thee, who shall be a man of rest; . . . and I will 
give peace and quietness unto Israel in his days" (1 
Chron. xxii, 8, 9). Briefly stated, the work of Solomon 
in its national aspect was the fortification and consolida- 
tion of the empire left by his father. He was not to be a 
man of war, but a builder, developer, and administrator. 

It seemed to be the sad policy or necessity of the one 
coming to the throne in those times, before anything like 
modern constitutional guards and powers existed, to put 
out of the way those who might endanger his govern- 
ment. So Solomon, though he appeared ready to act 
fairly, soon brought about, for one cause and another, the 
execution of Adonijah, Joab, and Shimei, and sent 
Abiathar the high-priest to abide at Anathoth, thus end- 
ing the service of the line of Eli, and putting Zadok, of 
another priestly family, in his place. 1 Kings ii. 

The period of David and Solomon was peculiarly fav- 
orable for the expanded kingdom of the Hebrew people, 
because both Egypt and Assyria were at a low ebb. All 
the more easily was Solomon able to make an alli- 
ance by marriage with the Pharaoh of the twenty-first 
dynasty, who ruled the Delta, with his capital at Zoan.^ 

1 Sayce, Early History of the Hebrews, 460. 
100 



Hebrew National Life. loi 

The Egyptian princess brought as her dowry the 
Canaanite city of Gezer, northwest of Jerusalem, which 
shows to how late a date the claim of Egypt over some 
part of the promised land continued. Solomon also 
entered into close political and commercial relations with 
Hiram, king of Tyre or Phoenicia. Moreover, the young 
king's desire for wisdom and "an understanding heart" 
to judge his people, and his quickness and depth of 
insight, seen in his solution of the case of the two 
women claiming the same child, gave him strength in 
his administration. 1 Kings iii; v, 12; ix, 10-14, 16. 

The way was thus prepared for the great building era his Great 
of Solomon's reign. The best view now adopted by many ^""^'"^ ^"^ 
scholars is that the early fortress of Jebus and the city of Temple. 
David, or Zion, which succeeded to it, were on Ophel, 
the southern part of the eastern ridge of the site of 
Jerusalem, south of what became the temple area.^ 

The new and extensive palace buildings of Solomon 
were erected north of the city of David, so that they 
were on the southern part of Mt. Moriah, and the temple 
site adjoined them on the north. Hiram greatly aided 
these undertakings, by furnishing skilled designers and 
overseers and a large part of the material. The temple 
was begun in the fourth year of Solomon's reign, or 973 
B. C, and finished in seven years, while the palace 
buildings were thirteen years in process of erection. 
The offerings at the dedication of the temple were most 
extensive, and Solomon's dedicatory prayer was peculiarly 
appropriate and impressive. 1 Kings v — viii ; 2 Chron. 
ii — vii. 

At a later time, the Queen of Sheba, now known to be Expansion of 
Saba, in south Arabia,^ visited Solomon, and was deeply l^""® *"*! ^ 

_______ ' ' ^ -^ Fortune but 

Shadowed 

; 2 Driver, art. "Jebus;" C. Warren, art. " Ophel;" T. W. Davles, art. Ending. 
"Temple;" O. W. Wilson, art. "Zion," (aU in Hast. Bib. Diet.); Sayce, 
Early History of the Hebrews, 465-467; Kent, History of the Hebrew People, 
The United Kingdom, 144, 145, 190 ; G. A. Smith, Encyclopaedia Biblica, 2418. 

3 Sayce, Early History of the Hebrews, 459, 460; Winterbotham, 
76-78. 



I02 Studies in the Old Testament. 

moved by the glory of his kingdom and his wisdom. 
The king also laid the foundation of the proverbial 
literature of Israel. Not only were the walls of Jerusa- 
lem extended and its water supply more fully provided 
for, but at strategic points cities were fortified, equipped 
with arsenals, and garrisoned. Extending from north to 
south, these centers of defense were Hazor, Megiddo, 
Baalath, Beth-horon, Gezer, and Tamar. The last named 
guarded the road to Ezion-geber, Solomon's port on the 
eastern arm of the Eed Sea. The Phoenicians furnished 
sailors for the king's trade-fleet.* Important lines of 
land commerce were developed. Horses and chariots 
became a feature of the royal establishment, and were 
also brought from Egypt and sold to the peoples to the 
north. Gold, silver, precious stones, ivory, garments, 
armor, spices, rare woods, horses, mules, apes, peacocks, 
were among the objects of traffic and tribute. Wheat 
and oil were supplied to Tyre, in return for the services 
rendered by her king and people. This almost unpar- 
alleled change, in a single generation, in the economic 
conditions of the kingdom involved such a rigid division 
of the population into great working companies, under 
hundreds of overseers or taskmasters, and called for the 
districting of the territory and such burdens of taxation 
for all the Hebrews except the favored tribe of Judah, 
that a reaction was sure to occur. Leaders of revolt 
gradually arose in some of the subject territory. The 
prophet Ahijah and overseer Jeroboam showed how 
restless were some of the Israelites, especially of the 
Ephraimite wing of the nation. Solomon's vast harem 
of the women of various races, with their altars to other 
gods on Mt. Olivet and sacrifices, led the heart of the 
king astray, so that his reign closed with a measure of 
shadow over its brighter morning and noontide. But, 
without doubt, the crystallizing of such vast material 



4 Ball, Light from the East, 196, 197, sliows ancient ships from the 
monuments. 



Hebrew National Life. 103 

resources in temple and palace, and in strengthening the 
capital and the frontier, formed a step in perpetuating 
the coming kingdom of Judah, and so making her the 
candlestick to send the light of the Hebrew prophets 
down the ages. The time of Solomon's reign was forty 
years, from 977 to 937 B. 0/ 1 Kings iv, ix— xi; 1 
Chron. i, 14-17 ; viii, ix. 



Like the ruin of some great temple the career of 
Solomon stands before us, its chief grandeur being 
in its suggestiveness of a departed glory. The prayer 
of his early manhood was expressed in the request, 
"Give thy servant therefore an understanding heart 
to judge thy people, that I may discern between good 
and evil." How far, alas, did he depart in later years 
from this noble w^ish ! It is the case of a man being 
destroyed by worldly prosperity — a warning to 
every one. 



STUDY XII. — Second Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings iii, 7. 

Eead 1 Kings iii. If Solomon had kept himself in 
the humble and reverent spirit with which he began his 
reign, it is not easy to say what true glory would now 
attach to his name. 

Scripture Outline. 

1 and 2 Kings: (1) The reign of Solomon, 1 Kings 1— xi; 

(2) The two kingdoms, to 722 B. 0., 1 Kings xii— 2 Kings xvii ; 

(3) The kingdom of Judah, to 586 B. C, 2 Kings xviii— xxv. 

STUDY XII.— Third Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings vi, 7. 

Eead 1 Kings v. 1-8, 17; vi, 1-7. The Memory Verse 
may teach the great truth that the most impressive and 
enduring public work is always carefully prepared for in 
private. 

5 Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 401, column (c). 



104 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Suggestions for Map Work. 

Make a simple map or plan of the early City of David, 
and then show the addition to it of Solomon's palace 
buildings, the temple area, and the new city walls. See 
Map 13 in text-book; MacCoun, II, 42-45, and Maps 86-88» 




Map 13. Early Jerusalem. 
a.— David's House. 6.— Solomon's House of the Forest of Lebanon, 
c— Triple and Double Gates. tZ.— Royal Palace, e.— Harem, s.— Altar. 
«.— Temple. 

STUDY XII. — Fourth Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings viii, 27. 

Read 1 Kings viii, 1-30. Solomon connects a noble 
thought with the temple, asking that it may above all 
else inspire and bring assurance of answer to prayer. 

General References. 

Blaikie, 257-266 ; Ottley, 150-158 ; Barnicott, 86-90 ; Beards- 
lee, 65-70; Burney, 39, 51, 61; Matheson, I, 283-303; Brown, 
62-81; Price, 136-139; Winterbotham, entire. 



Hebrew National Life. loj 

STU DY XM.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Ohron. ix, 2. 

Eead 2 Ohron. ix, 1-12. Research is more and more 
clearly disclosing conditions in the long past in this 
Arabic region of Saba, confirming the points of the 
prominence of women and abundance of the products 
which the queen brought to Solomon. 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Class-wortc. 

1. God is the hearer of prayer. Ex. iii, 7 ; 1 Sam. i, 27 ; 1 
Kings viii, 30, 38, 39, 41, 42 ; 2 Chron. vi, 40 ; Psa. Ixv, 2 ; Prov. 
XV, 29 ; Matt, vii, 7 ; Acts x, 30, 31 ; James v, 16 ; Eev. viii, 3, 4. 

2. Gain and loss of the new civilization which Solomon gave 
the Hebrew nation. Blaikie, 262-266; Ottley, 152-157; Price, 
136-139. 

3. Ground plan of Solomon's Temple. Hurlbut, 71 ; Hast. 
Bib. Diet. IV, 697-C99. 

4. Kingdom of Sheba or Saba. Blaikie, 259; Hast. Bib. 
Diet., art. *' Sheba." 

5. The plant and tree world of Palestine and Phoenicia. 1 
Kings iv, 33 ; v, 8 ; vi, 29-34 ; x, 27 ; Blaikie, 209 ; Bib. Diet. 

STUDY XII.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xi, 6. 

Read 1 Kings ix, 15-19, 26-28; xi, 6-12. It is here 
seen that the glory and luxury of Solomon's kingdom 
were purchased at too great a price, and in the end led 
to the renewed desire of the northern tribes to be free 
from the burdens which had come to them by their union 
with Judah. 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. In what ways is the reign of Solomon chiefly to be con- 
trasted with that of David ? :: 

2. With what two important powers did he come into 
alliance? , >^ ' -( - . - '■ 

3. What datfe is given for the founding of the temple? O 

4. How long was it in process of building? 

5. What are some of the products of trade and tribute that 
show the opulence of Solomon? 4^' : 

6. What are some of the wrbng and weakening factors in his 
life and government? 



io6 Studies in the Old Testament. 

STUDY XII.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Psa. Ixxii, 10. 

Read Psa. Ixxii. Davison says that this psalm "was 
probably written during the heyday of monarchical 
power," but that it is likely that it was entitled "of Sol- 
omon," because it seemed to befit his circumstances, 
while the only real correspondence to its exalted vision 
is Christ.^ 

Personal Thought. 

"The queen of the south shall rise up in the judg- 
ment with this generation, and shall condemn it : for she 
came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of 
Solomon; and behold, a greater than Solomon is here." 
(Matt, xii, 42.) 

If the queen of Sheba came to Solomon that he might 
answer "all her questions" and give her "all her desire" 
(1 Kings X, 3, 13), will not I be forever condemned at 
the day of judgment if I have not brought the needs of 
my immortal soul to Christ ? 



6 Davison (Psa.), 



PART v.— THIRTEENTH TATEEK. 
REHOBOAM AND JEROBOAM. 



STUDY XIII.— First Day. Memory Verse, 2 Chron. x, 15. 
Read 2 Chron. x, 1-15. 

Narrative. 
The first impression in reading the Biblical account cauge« for 

Judah 
Israel. 



of the division of the Hebrew people into two kingdoms *'"**"*' ""^ 



after the death of Solomon is that it was due to the 
harsh words of Rehoboam, in answering the request of 
his subjects that their heavy yoke of service might be 
lightened. But a close attention to the record shows 
other and deeper causes. There had probably never been 
a genuine union of northern and southern Israel. The 
Ephraimite section had enjoyed the prestige of leadership 
for long periods at earlier times, and claimed such notable 
names as those of Joshua, Deborah, Barak, Gideon* 
Samuel, and Saul. It was a peculiar situation of weak- 
ness, aided by the assassination of Ishbosheth and Abner, 
that led the northern tribes to put themselves under 
the magnetic David, after he had been king of Judah for 
over seven years and had paid special honor to the 
memory of Abner. Then his campaigns with his united 
forces so completely delivered the north as well as the 
south from any further danger from the Philistines, and 
so extended the boundaries of Israel on the northeast 
that the northern tribes would naturally be loyal to him 
during his lifetime. Yet, after the rebellion of Absalom 
was crushed, they all but broke away through jealousy 
of Judah (1 Kings xix, 40 — xx, 2.) 

When the first glamour of the career and policies of arowin^ dis- 
Solomon was past, the Ephraimites found that their ^•^y*^*^""'**'" 
tribal organizations were ignored. Districts for taxation, 

107 



io8 Studies in the Old Tes tament. 

classes to supply vast levies of food for the king's court, 
and companies to attend on his pleasure were formed, 
while the treasures of the whole realm were poured into 
the lap of Judah and Jerusalem. It is not strange that 
Ahijah, a prophet of Ephraim, and Jeroboam, "a mighty- 
man of valor " among her sons, who, by his position as 
overseer of task- work could observe the burdens laid on 
the people, should be the first to take steps for relief. 
Jeroboam's attempt to do this during the reign of Solo- 
mon failed, and he fled to Egypt and found refuge with 
Shishak, first king of the twenty-second dynasty. (1 Sam. 
viii, 10-18; 1 Kings iv, 9-28; v, 13, 14; xi, 26-40.) 
Divine It also seoms probable that God had in view in per- 

un)o»e. mitting the division to occur the more thorough sifting 
out and training of a true spiritual Israel of the future. 
The united kingdom had taken a wrong direction, and 
Solomon's many foreign alliances by marriage with those 
who brought in shrines to other gods, his luxury and 
extravagance making necessary the oppressive taxation 
and toil of the masses, were fast turning the Israelite 
commonwealth into another Oriental despotism like those 
around it. The division into two kingdoms ruled out the 
possibility of a great Jewish Empire; south and north 
exercised a check upon each other, in part at least, as 
one or the other was more true to Jehovah; and the 
comparatively slight weight of either in world politics 
enabled the prophets rather than the sovereigns to mold 
the destiny of the Hebrew people. 
Two Kingdoms After the death of Solomon, Eehoboam, his son, and 
Ertent**' successor to the throne, "went to Shechem " (1 Kings 
xii, 1), perhaps that he might be more sure that the 
northern Israelites would have a part in his inauguration. 
Jeroboam had probably been sent for to come out of 
Egypt, and was at hand. When, therefore, Eehoboam, 
after three days, gave a rough and exasperating reply to 
the request of the people that their burdens under his 
father should be lightened, the conditions were ripe, and 



Hebrew National Life. 109 

the ten tribes revolted and formed the Northern Kingdom, 
with Jeroboam at its head. Adoram, an overseer or tax 
collector, was stoned to death, and Eehoboam fled to 
Jerusalem. The kingdom of Israel included, east of the 
Jordan, Eeuben and Gad; and, beginning about five 
miles north of Jerusalem, most of Benjamin; then to 
the northward, Ephraim, Manasseh, Issachar, Zebulun, 
Naphtali, Dan, and Asher, with about 9,400 square 
miles of territory and three and one-half million popula- 
tion.^ The tribe of Judah had practically absorbed the 
Simeonites, and many of the priests and Levites from 
the north, at the time of the disruption, left their cities 
and suburbs and went to the Southern Kingdom. 
Perhaps some part of the tribe of Dan, as well as 
southern Benjamin, may also have been merged with 
Judah, but the total was . not more than one and three- 
quarters of a million population in about 3,400 square 
miles of territory.^ 1 Kings xii, 1-20; 2 Chron. x. 

Eehoboam assembled a large army, but Shemaiah, awaruke 
prophet, restrained him from war, and the force returned ^®v«™«"**- 
to their homes. Later, the king fortified many towns, 
and placed his sons over the garrisons. In his fifth year, 
Shishak invaded Judah and carried off treasure from the 
palace and temple, and his inscription at Karnak shows 
that he also took cities of the Northern Kingdom. 

Jeroboam's capitals were Shechem and probably Tirzah, Tendencie* in 
with an auxiliary center at Penuel, east of the Jordan. He 3*^^^^°'^*'*'^° 
made religious centers of Bethel and Dan, setting up calves 
of gold as symbols of Jehovah and consecrating priests not 
of the line of Aaron, that he might keep his people from go- 
ing up to Jerusalem. In this way his name is linked with 
this worship, as the one who *'made Israel to sin," and he 
was restrained by a prophet from Judah, when burning 
incense, by having his hand withered, and then restored. 
When Abijah, the young son of Jeroboam, was sick, the 
mother went disguised to see the aged and blind prophet, 



iBarnlcott, 93; Walker, 13; Given, 12; Hurlbut, 87. 



no Studies in the Old Testament. 

Ahijah, at Shiloh, but she was at once known, and the 
prophet had only a sad message to send back by her to 
the royal home at Tirzah, a few miles northeast of 
Shechem. 
Faith of Only the Chronicler gives particulars of a war between 

Jeroboam and Abijam, the son and successor of Eeho- 
boam. The young Judean king is represented as winning^ 
a great battle with an army only half as large as Jero- 
boam's, because "the children of Judah" "relied upon. 
Jehovah, the God of their fathers." 

The dates for the reigns of Eehoboam and Abijam are 
937-920 and 920-917 B. C, and for that of Jeroboam, 
937-915 B. C 1 Kings xii, 21— xv, 8; 2 Chron. xi— 
xiv, 1. 



Jehovah the 
Real Issue 



Division was the inevitable consequence of such 
a career as that of Solomon. Inviolable justice and 
genuine love alone form **the bond of perfectness" 
(Col. iii, 14) whether of individuals or communities. 



STUDY XIII. — Second Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xii, 24. 

Read 1 Kings xii, 16-33. Jeroboam did not probably 
intend to abandon the religion of Jehovah, but his use of 
the calf images was as misleading as Aaron's making of 
one was at Sinai. 

Scripture Outline. 

1 and 2 Chronicles :' (1) Genealogical record from Adam to 
the times of David, 1 Chron. i — ix ; (2) David's reign, foUowing 
the death of Saul, 1 Chron. x— xxix ; (3) Solomon's reign, 2 
Chron. i— ix ; (4) Division of the kingdom and annals of Judah 
till the return from captivity, 2 Chron. x— xixvi. 



2 Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 401, columns (c) and (/). 

8 The Books of Chronicles are very distinct from the Books of Elng8» 
being written from the point of view of the temple service, and at a 
later date than Kings. They also aim, after the time of Jeroboam, to. 
cover only the kingdom of Judah. See Fifth Day, Topic 4. 



Hebrew National Life 



III 



STUDY XIII.— Third Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xiii, 6. 

Kead 1 Kings xiii, 1-6^ 33, 34. The point to be noted 
is the slight impression which even the withering and 
healing of Jeroboam's hand seems to make on him. 
Suggestions for Map Work. 

Outline the two kingdoms of Israel and Judah, plac- 
ing in the former, Shechem, Tirzah, Jezreel, Penuel^ 




Map 14. Aftee Time op Solomon. 

Jabesh-Gilead, and Bethel and Dan; in the latter, Jeru- 
salem, Aij^alon, Azekah, Mareshah, and Lachish (2 Chron. 
xi, 7, 8), as showi^ig^he line of defense on the western 
border. See Maps 3 and 14 in text-book ; Ottley, Map 5. 



112 Studies in the Old Testament. 

STUDY XII!.— Fourth Day. Memory Yerse, 1 Kings xiv, 15. 

Eead 1 Kings xiv, 1-6, 12-16. As AMjah. was the first 
to show to Jeroboam, then a "young man," that he was 
to be king (1 Kings xi, 28-31), so now in the prophet's 
old age he has to show the judgments that are coming on 
the king's family. 

General References. 

Blaikie, 266-273, 303, 304 ; Ottley, 158-161 ; Barnicott, 90-96, 
111 ; Beardslee, 208-215 ; Bumey, 39, 46, 47, 86 ; Price, 140-142 ; 
Given, 9-17 ; Walker, 9-30. 

STUDY XI M. — Fifth Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xiv, 25. 

Eead 1 Kings xiv, 21-31. The sinful and idolatrous 
practices of the Kingdom of Judah are faithfully recorded, 
and the chastisement through the invasion by Shishak, 
who carried off a large part of the rich treasures accumu- 
lated by Solomon. 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment In 
Class-work. 

1. God fulfills his word. Josh, xxi, 45; 1 Kings viii, 56; 
xii, 15 ; xiii, 3, 5, 26, 32 ; 2 Kings x, 10 ; 2 Chron. xxxvi, 21 ; Psa. 
cxxxviii, 2 ; Isa. xl, 8 ; Matt, xxiv, 35 ; Rev. xviii, 17. 

2. Rehoboam as molding the future of Judah. Blaikie, 303, 
304 ; Given, 13-15. 

3. Jeroboam a fateful founder of the Kingdom of Israel. 
Blaikie, 271-273: Ottley, 160, 161 ; Barnicott, 95 ; Winterbotham, 
84-86 ; Walker, 15-30. 

4. Books of Kings and Chronicles — points of likeness and 
contrast. Beardslee, 65-70, 208-215; Bib. Diet. 

5. Shishak and his inscription at Karnak. Blaikie, 303, 304; 
Price, 140-142. 

6. Places and objects connected with worship, such as 
"calves," **high places," "pillars," **Asherim." 1 Kings xii, 
28— xiii, 5 ; xiv, 9, 15, 23 ; 2 Kings xvii, 7-17 ; 2 Chron. xiii, 8-11 ; 
Burney, 40-47 ; Bib. Diet. 

STUDY XIII.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Chron. xiii, 10. 

Eead 2 Chron. xiii, 1-12. Twofold more men than 
his foe, handled with careful strategy, can not cause 



Hebrew National Life. 113 

Jeroboam to " prosper " because he is fighting "against 
Jehovah!" (vs. 12). 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. What were some of the deeper causes leading to the 
division of the Kingdom of Solomon into Judah and Israel? 

See Narrative. v^^ ^ • //7*' *^ _ 

2. What was the immediate cause ? 

3. About how large in area and population was each king- 
dom? See Narrative. " 

4. What steps did Rehoboam take to bring back the ten 
tribes? /[,_' 

5. How did Jeroboam plan to keep his people from going up >^i '- / J X 
to the temple at Jerusalem? , * ^Y^fSfi^ t A'*^^'^ ' L/t^^MX^f*^ M^ i'iM-JjJLli 

6. What foreign king invaded JMah, and tooK some towns 
of Israel also? See Narrative. ^^^J^J-^L^*-^ , ' K^^.-f' ^ t^^^MAyM*^ ^ 

nd^felted?!^:^^ ^ W / f (1 



7. By whom was Jeroboam defeated? 



.pfJ-^ 



STUDY XI 1 1.— Seventii Day. Memory Verse, 2 Chron. xiii, 15. 

Read 2 Chron. xiii, 13-20. The large numbers in the 
references to troops in this chapter, as well as some of 
the numbers in other chapters, seem to be round figures, 
indicating perhaps relative strength, where exact numbers 
were not known. 

Personal Thought. 

**He humbled himself . . . moreover, in Judah 
there were good things found." (2 Chron. xii, 12.) 

In times when men and communities seem given up 
to sin, God through chastisement or other agencies can 
arouse the good. 

Do I have unfailing confidence in God's power to bring 
such a transformation ? 



PART v.— FOURTEENTH "WEEK. 
THE NORTHEEN KINGDOM TO ITS CLOSE. 



ties: "House 
of Omrl 



STUDY XIV.— First Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xv, 29. 
Read 1 Kings xv, 25-34. 

Narrative. 
Israel's The entire period of the kingdom of Israel, from the 

T**™"® accession of Jeroboam in 937 B. C. to 722 B. C, the date 

Insecure. ' 

of the fall of Samaria, is 215 years. It is enough to show 
the unsettled and unsatisfactory condition of its national 
affairs to note that during this time of about two hundred 
years there were nine dynasties and nineteen kings of 
Israel, while in Judah there were only twelve kings and 
no change of dynasty.^ 
Brief Dynas- After Jeroboam and his son Nadab, forming the first 
dynasty, there came Baasha and Elah his son, the latter 
of whom, like Nadab, was assassinated after a reign of 
two years, by Zimri, a captain of Israel's army. Yet 
Zimri's success was shortlived, for after seven days he 
was discarded, and Omri another captain secured the 
support of the army and people, and held the throne for 
twelve years. At the end of four years Tibni, a rival, 
was vanquished, and Omri founded the new and strong 
capital of Samaria, on a commanding hill, in the center 
of a basin about five miles in diameter, six miles north- 
west of Shechem. In the earlier Assyrian inscriptions 
the kingdom of Israel is always called 'Hhe house of 
Omri.'* On the whole he was an able king, arranging an 
honorable peace with Syria on the north and Judah on 
the south, and while he seems to have given further legal 
support to the religious system of Jeroboam (Micah vi, 



iBlalkle, 269, 270; Given, 12. 

114 



Hebrew National Life. 115 

16), his dynasty was not doomed like the first two had 
been, and it included four reigns, covering the years from 
889 to 842 B. C 

A very interesting monument of the times of thisMoaWte 
dynasty is the Moabite Stone, found at Dibon in 1868 by^*°°®- 
the Eev. F. Klein, a missionary, and preserved in the 
Louvre in Paris. "The forms of the letters as they 
appear on the Moabite Stone show that alphabetic writing 
must have been long practiced in the kingdom of Mesha. 
Between the language of the inscription and Hebrew the 
differences are few and slight," "a proof of the natural- 
ness of the Biblical language. It was the language of 
everyday life and thought. "* The inscription records how 
Israel gained large advantage over Moab in the earlier 
part of this period, but that later the tide turned and 
Mesha won successes, and states that he made the monu- 
ment "to Chemosh at Korkhah," which is Dibon. This 
deliverance from Israel which he celebrates probably is 
implied in the closing sentence of the Bible reference to 
Mesha (2 Kings iii, 27), which says that "there was great 
wrath against Israel: and they departed from him, and 
returned to their own land."* 

Ahab, the son of Omri, brought a new force for evil Ahab, jezebei, 
into the affairs of Israel by marrying "Jezebel, theJJ?^^^^^ 
daughter of Ethbaal, king of the Sidonians," and intro- 
ducing the worship of Baal, so that he " did yet more to 
provoke Jehovah, the God of Israel, to anger than all the 
kings of Israel that were before him " (1 Kings xvi, 31, 
33). In his wars with Benhadad, king of Syria, he in the 
end gained the advantage, but seemed to throw it away 
at once in a lax treaty ; and three years later when he in 
union with Jehoshaphat of Judah was trying to take 
Eamoth-gilead from the Syrians, "a certain man drew a 
bow at a venture, and smote the king of Israel between 



2 Hast. Bib. Diet., 401, column (/). 

8 Sayce, Higher Criticism and the Monuments, 378, 875. 

4 See also Pa ton, Syria and Palestine, 218. 



ii6 



Studies in the Old Testament, 



Jeku'a 

Policies. 



Indhw Sum- 
in«r of the 
Klngrdoms, 
and Israel's 
PaU. 



the joints of the armor" (1 Kings xxii, 34), and at even- 
ing he was taken back dead to his capital. During his 
reign of twenty-two years the Northern Kingdom may be 
said to have reached the first summit of its strength, and 
also to have entered upon a period of decline. The con- 
quering armies of Assyria had already met the ablest 
combination of these petty states that could well be 
formed, including a force of 2,000 chariots and 10,000 
men furnished by Ahab, and had won a victory at Karkar 
in 854 B. C. From this time onward, for two hundred 
and fifty years, Assyria is the controlling world power as 
affecting both of the Hebrew kingdoms.^ 1 Kings xv, 
16 — xxii. 

The dynasty of Omri and Ahab closed with the reigns 
of Ahaziah and Joram, and Jehu opened the next series 
of five rulers with a long reign of twenty-eight years. He 
seems to have sought to gain favor with Shalmaneser II 
of Assyria, and possibly to enlist him against Hazael, 
king of Syria, by paying tribute, as is represented and 
recorded on the Black Obelisk.® But this only led to 
increasing exactions, and Israel during this and the two 
reigns which followed was more and more reduced in 
extent and resources both by Syria and Assyria. 

Then came the crushing defeat of Syria by the 
grandson of Shalmaneser, followed by a period in which 
Assyria no longer led her armies into the West-land. 
This was the golden opportunity for the expansion of 
both Israel and Judah under their respective kings, Jero- 
boam II and Uzziah, who were on terms of peace, and the 
two kingdoms together about reached the dimensions of 
the empire of David and Solomon.' But Tiglath-Pileser 
III or Pulu (called '* Pul " in 2 Kings xv, 19) renewed the 
aggressive policy toward the west, and by his campaigns 
and exactions and those of his successors the kingdom of 

5 See especially Price, 150-209; Rogers, II, 72-295. 

6 Rogers, II, 81, 82; Price, 15i, 155, and iUustration. 

7 Wade, Old Testament History, S5S,S5i. 



Hebrew National Life. 117 

Israel was steadily weakened till at last in 72^ B. C. 
Samaria fell into the hands of Sargon II, and the sub- 
stantial part of the Ten Tribes was deported to Assyria 
and later blended with the foreign population.^ 2 Kings 
i — xvii. 



The atmosphere of character is an interesting 
study. There arc men whose very presence is like 
the influence of some bog or swamp — it is stifling. 
Other men seem to be suggestive of the pure, tonic- 
ful breezes from the mountain tops. We breathe 
freely when they are about us. To get the touch of 
the mountain one must go to the mountain; to be 
suggestive of the heights one must live upon the 
heights. 



STUDY XI V.~Second Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings xvi, 9. 

Bead 2 Kings xvi, 1-28. Very rapidly the changes 
come in the reigning houses of Israel, assassination and 
extermination cutting off the line of Jeroboam and then 
that of Baasha after a son of each had reigned but two 
years. In the second case there was an added cause, for 
Elah was "drinking himself drunk" (1 Kings xvi, 9) 
when Zimri slew him. 

Scripture Outline. 

Kings of Israel : (1) Jeroboam, 1 Kings xii — xv, 9 ; 2 Chron. 
X— xiii, 20; (2) Nadab, 1 Kings xv, 25-31; (3) Baasha, xv, 16— 
xvi, 6 ; (4) Elah, xvi, 6-14 ; (5) Zimri, xvi, 15-20 ; (6) Omri, xvi, 
16-28; (7) Ahab, xvi, 29— xxii, 40; (8) Ahaziah, 1 Kings xxii, 
40—2 Kings i, 18 ; (9) Joram, 2 Kings iii, 1— ix, 26 ; (10) Jehu, 
ix, 1— x,36; (11) Jehoahaz, xiii, 1-9; (12) Joash, xiii,9— xiv, 16; 

(18) Jeroboam II, xiv, 16-29; (14) Zachariah (Zechariah in 
R. v.), xiv, 29— XV, 12 ; (15) Shallum, xv, 13-15 ; (16) Menahem, 
XV, 14-22; (17) Pekahiah, xv, 22-26; (18) Pekah, xv, 25-81; 

(19) Hoshea, xv, 30— xvii, 6; xviii, 9-12. 



8 Kent, History of the Hebrew People, the Divided Kingdom, 104-108; 
Ottley, 192. See, also, Fifth Day, Topic 6. 



ii8 Studies in the Old Testament. 

STUDY XIV.— Third Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xx, 11. 

Bead 1 Kings xx, 1-34. The memory verse will be 
seen to have recorded a well-known proverbial saying. 

Suggestions for Map Work. 

Make a map covering Assyria and the region west 
to the Mediterranean, and locate Samaria, Damascus, 
Hamath, Nineveh, the Habor Eiver, and Halah. See 
Map 3 in text-book; Blaikie, Map 4; Ottley, Map. 6. 

STUDY XIV. — FourtFi Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings ill, 18. 

Eead 2 Kings iii. The Moabite Stone, bearing the 
record prepared by king Mesha, who is mentioned in this 
chapter, is a remarkable witness of that age, and its 
preservation, even after discovery, is not less wonderful.* 

General References. 

Blaikie, 270-299 ; Ottley, 159-192 ; Barnicott, 92-110 ; Beards- 
lee, 65-69; Burney, 14, 36, 43, 112; W. B., 107-117; Price, 142- 
175 ; Walker, 30-96. 

STUDY XIV.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings ix, 20. 

Eead 2 Kings ix, 11-20; x, 29-36;. The reckless and 
bloody zeal of Jehu gave no genuine strength to Israel,^" 
and through Hazael, of Syria, the territory east of the 
Jordan was taken from the kingdom. (2 Kings x, 32, 33.) 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Class-work. 

1. The force of example. Gen. iv, 8, 23, 24; v, 24; vi, 9; 
Num. xiii, 31 ; xiv, 1,2; Josh, xxiv, 15, 18 ; Judg. iv, 8 ; 1 Sam. 
viii, 19, 20; 1 Kings xv, 26, 34; xxii, 51, 52; 2 Chron. xvii, 3, 4; 
xxviiii 1, 2. 

2. The city of Samaria. 1 Kings xvi, 24; Blaikie, 275, 276 ; 
Bib. Diet. 

3. Brief sketch of Damascus and the early kingdom of Syria. 
Blaikie, 275, 280; MacCoun, II, 50, and Maps 91, 92. 

4. Short account of Assyria and Nineveh. Blaikie, 331-333 ; 
Ottley, 163-165, 213; MacCoun, II, 52, 53; Rogers, II, 1-295; 
Murison (B. and A.), 20-59. 



9 See Price. 143 and Map 14 in text-book. 

10 See Budde, Religion of Israel to the Exile, 124-128. 



Hebrew National Life. 119 

5. The population composing the later Samaria. 2 Kings 
xvii, 24-41; Blaikie, 299; Ottley, 191 ; Price, 281-286; Walker, 
94, 95; Davidson (E. and E.) 44; Skinner, 18-21. 

6. The end of the Ten Tribes. Blaikie, 299, 341, 342 ; Price, 
175 ; Murison (B. and A.), 34. 

7. Jezebel, the Lady Macbeth of the Bible. W. B., 107-114 ; 
Walker, 48, 49. 

8. The Moabite Stone. Blaikie, 282, 283 ; Price, 142-147. 

STUDY XIV.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings xiv, 25. 

Read 2 Kings xiv, 23-29. In the reign of Jeroboam 
II, according to this passage (vs. 25-27), there was an 
unrecorded prophecy of Jonah, favorable to the kingdom 
of Israel. 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. About what was the length of time covered by the sepa- 
rate kingdom of Israel? See Nan-ative. Z I v^* ^.^-^\ . ^ J /<? ■?/ 

2. How many dynasties and kings were there? *^ -^ V*v*^^-i*Xa f } . ^^ 

3. How were many of the changes brought about? "^ kvi4^J5C6^(^ l*'^,.,.^,^^ 

4. In what two reigns di(J Israel reach the largest meas]ii]P?'*^'^J|^^j? /t^/OwUk.! 
of territory and strength? .^' t -, -.^'^ .- .^ ^^'ZNPw^ 

5. With what kingdom to the northeast was Israel fre- 
quently at war? , , 

6. By what larger empire was Israel at last overthrown? , v-f -^ •. l--«'^<a> » 

7. What is the date of the fall of the northern kingdom? ? "Ti^ fX> -^ 

STUDY XIV.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings xvii, 18. 
Read 2 Kings xvii, 1-8, 24-33. The final capture or 
iall of Samaria was not under Shalmaneser IV (vs. 3), but 
under his successor, Sargon II." 

Personal Thought. 

" The children of Israel walked in all the sins of 
Jeroboam . . . they departed not from them ; until 
Jehovah removed Israel out of his sight. " (2 Kings xvii, 
22, 23.) 

What an awful record — ^to have the influence of an 



u Price, 178, 174. Rogers, II, 150, says, " In the year of the accession 
of Sargon (722 B. C.) Samaria fell, but it is improbable that he had any- 
thing to do with it in person." 



I20 Studies in the Old Testament. 

evil man projected through the entire life of a nation! 
What direction am I giving to my influence ? 



937 
DYNASTIES ~] 



UNITED KINGDOM 
90 YEARS 



elc. 



B.[c 



40 



40 



iO 



DYNASTY 



KINGDOM OF ISRAEL ZI5 YEARS 



O 



^imri.TDays 



<^A 



x^ J: 



2Tpfe^ 



JTM 



28 




DIVIDED KINGDOM 



HI Band indicates 
supposed Co-regencies 



40 



Ahaziah 



^F" 



29 



3_3I 



q fd 
g o 



DAV I D 



BlC KINGDOM 6FJUDAH 351 YEARS HJ C. CaPtlVltY 



Jef^oiap r'in.awos- 



■jeho dhdz.SMonLhs 



sa^ 



Chaet B. Hebrew Monarchies.^ 



1 The chart seeks to show the length of reigns by the space given 
each from left to right. The 215 years for the Kingdom of Israel is not 
alone the difference between 937 and 722, but also the sum of the several 
numbers representing length of reigns; 22+2+14, etc. Yet in this total 
is not included the short reigns of Elah, Zlmri, Zachariah, and Shallum, 
as their total of about two years and seven months can be used to offset 
the cases where part of a year has been counted as a year. The figures 
below the names Baasha and Omrl, 14+10+12, and the space for these 
two kings mark the point where some scholars think that ten years 
should be taken from the twenty -four assigned to Baasha and added to 
the twelve of Omri. For Judah's section, the total of the numbers in 
the upper space, 17+8+41+25+8+1+6, etc., is 350 years, and the two reigns 
of three months each toward the close add a pai-t of the 351st year. 
Of the three co-regencies, that of Amaziah and Uzziah is shown to 
be 22 years (29—7) ; of Uzziah and Jotham, 14 years (16—2) ; and of Ahaz 
and Hezekiah, 7 years (16—9). 



PART v.— PIPTEBNTH WEEK. 
THE SOUTHEEN KINGDOM TO CAPTIVITY. 



STUDY XV. — First Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xv, 14. 

Bead 1 Kings xv, 9-24. 

Narrative. 

By a striking coincidence there were nineteen kings coincidence 
in Judah and the same number in Israel during the "*** ^"*"*®** 
existence of the two nations. But the Northern Kingdom 
fell in 722 B. C, while the captivity of Judah did not 
occur till 136 years later, so that the average length of 
the reigns of the kings of Judah was over seven years 
longer than that of the kings of Israel. The total length 
of Judah's history, from the disruption in 937 to the 
captivity in 586 B. C, is three and one-half centuries. 
The national life was far more stable in the southern 
kingdom than in the northern. 

The kingdom of Judah suffered what might be called Judah's Low 
four eras of decline, due to the irreligious and evil char- t^^g"*^** 
acter of certain kings, and three eras of revival, brought 
about by the greater devotion to Jehovah of other kings. 
The religious low and high tides of the kingdom form 
the best key to its political and social condition. 

The reign of Eehoboam, which was noted in Study Abijam 
XIII, and that of Abijam, his son, do not mark a serious pj^^^^g"!^ "** 
decline in the fortunes of Judah. In the short reign influence. 
of the latter, there was success in the war with Israel ; 
but the Biblical record shows that each of them stood for 
an unfavorable influence. The father "did that which 
was evil, because he set not his heart to seek Jehovah " 
(2 Chron. xii, 14); and the son *' walked in all the sins 
of his father which he had done before him " (1 Kings 
XV, 3). 

121 



122 Studies in the Old Testament. 

Upward Trend Then there follow the two long reigns of Asa and 
Jh** hT^ Jehoshaphat, of forty-one and twenty-five years, forming 
the first era of revival. " The heart of Asa was perfect 
with Jehovah all his days" (1 Kings xv, 14); and 
Jehoshaphat "sought to the God of his father, and 
walked in his commandments" (2 Chron. xvii, 4). 
Such words of commendation do not mean that these 
monarchs made no mistakes, nor even that they were 
free from sin. Asa, after gaining a notable victory over 
a vast invading host under Zerah, who was perhaps an 
Egyptian kingp^ at a later date took the temple treasures 
and sent them to tho king of Syria to buy him off from 
aiding Israel, and Hanani needed to bring him reproof as 
a prophet for his lack of reliance on God.^ The son of 
this same prophet had likewise to reprove Jehoshaphat for 
his alliance with Ahab, and Eliezer, another prophet, 
for his commercial venture with Ahab's son, Ahaziah.* 
Yet very helpful and uplifting were these reigns as a 
whole, and Jehoshaphat introduced a new stage in the 
life of the nation with respect to popular instruction and 
the securing of justice.^ These four reigns cover 86 
years, from 937 to 851 B. 0. 
i^wer Levels The second era of decline and revival embraces the 
reigns of eight kings, from Jehoram to Hezekiah, and 
the usurpation of Athaliah, and covers a period of 154 
years. Perhaps the lowest point was reached when, after 
the son of Jehoram, Ahaziah, had reigned one year, he 
was slain by Jehu, and his mother, Athaliah, daughter 
of the hateful Jezebel and Ahab, usurped authority in 
Judah for six years. Still, this could not easily surpass 
the misery and disgrace which fell on the kingdom in 
the reign of the evil Ahaz. The grandson of Uzziah, 
under whom the nation rose to splendor, he had as his 
counselor the prophet-statesman, Isaiah, who formed a 

lOsorkon, II. See 2 Ohron. xlv, 9-15; Sayce, Higher CriMcism and 
the Monuments, 363, 364. 

2 2 Chron. xvl, 7-10; xlx, 1-3; xx, 35-87. 
8 2 Ohron. xvii, 7-9; xix, 4-11. 



of Athaliah 
•nd Ahaz. 



Hebrew National Life. 123 

link joining the times of Uzziah with those of Hezekiah. 
But he was so extreme in perverse wickedness, that 
the Chronicler, in despair of terms, can only say, " This 
same king Ahaz " (2 Chron. xxviii, 22). Then the 
strokes of judgment fell. Rezin, king of Syria, made 
an invasion of Judah, and carried off many to Damascus ; 
while Pekah, king of Israel, slew a large number of 
men and took a host of persons captive, but by the 
eloquent plea of the prophet Oded, they were ministered 
unto and led back to their own land. 

Hezekiah, assisted by the great Isaiah, transforms the Hezekiah and 
kingdom again to one of power and glory; and when •**■**■***• ''"••• 
Sennacherib, in 701 B. C, in his apparently irresistible 
campaign, threatens Jerusalem, the king and capital are 
delivered through an awful visitation of God on the 
army of the Assyrians. **The angel of Jehovah went 
forth, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians a hundred 
fourscore and five thousand: and when men arose early 
in the morning, behold, these were all dead bodies'* 
(2 Kings xix, 35). Yet the noble monarch of Judah 
without forethought had already admitted the emissaries 
of Babylon to view his treasures, thus fixing on Jerusalem 
the attention of a soon-coming empire in the Euphrates 
Valley, which, a century later, would destroy the city and 
carry away his people captive. This second period ex- 
tends from 851 to 697 B. C. 

The third period of defection and revival covers 89Ba«e 
years, from 697 to 608 B. C, and the rule of three kings, vi^^uoiiaii. 
Manasseh, the bad son of a good father, once more drags 
the kingdom into the valley of sin and idolatry. But 
Josiah, his grandson, through the influence of the 
freshly found Word of Grod, the destruction of false 
gods and their altars, and the restoring of temple, 
sacrifice, and Passover, produces the third and most 
complete revival. 

However, it seems impossible now fully to purify steady 
Judah, and at the same time maintain its life as a sepa- ^f^Ii^^t*"^ 



124 Studies in the Old Testament. 

rate nation. One licentious, weak, and almost worthless 
king follows another in the fourth period of decline; 
and after twenty-two years, covered by the reigns of four 
kings, Jerusalem is captured and destroyed by Nebuchad- 
nezzar, king of Babylon, 586 B. C, and the greater part 
of the population of Judah passes into captivity. 



It is far better to be an uncro^vned, kingly man 
than to be an unmanly king. 

"Howe'er it be, it seems to me 
'T is only noble to be good. 
Kind hearts are more than coronets, 
And simple faith than Norman blood." 



STUDY XV. — Second Day. Memory Verse, 2 Chron. xvii, 9. 

Kead 2 Chron. xvii, 1-9; xix, 4-11. It is delightful 
to see growing such influences as are described in these 
passages as an offset to false worship and war. 

Scripture Outline. 

Kings of Judah : (1) Eehoboam, 1 Kings xi, 43— xiv, 31 ; 2 
Chron. ix, 31 — xii, 16; (2) Abijam, 1 Kings xiv, 31— xv, 8: 2 
Chron. xii, 16 — xiv, 1 ; (3) Asa, 1 Kings xv, 8-24 ; 2 Chron. xiv, 
1 — xvii, 1 ; (4) Jehoshaphat, 1 Kings xv, 24 — xxii, 50; 1 Chron. 
xvii, 1— xxi, 1 ; (5) Jehoram, 1 Kings xxii, 50—2 Kings viii, 24 ; 
2 Chron. xxi, 1 — xxii, 1 ; (6) Ahaziah, 2 Kings viii, 24 — ix, 28; 2 
Chron. xxii, 1-9 ; Athaliah, 2 Kings xi, 1-16 ; 2 Chron. xxii, 16 — 
x^iii, 15 ; (7) Joash, 2 Kings xi, 12— xii, 21 ; 2 Chron. xxiii, 11 — 
xxiv, 27 ; (8) Amaziah, 2 Kings xii, 21 — xiv, 21 ; 2 Chron. xxiv, 
27 — xxvi, 1 ; (9) Uzziah, 2 Kings xiv, 21 — xv, 7 ; 2 Chi'on. xxvi, 
1-23; (10) Jotham, 2 Kings xv, 7-38; 2 Chron. xxvi, 23— xxvii, 
9; (11) Ahaz, 2 Kings xv, 38— xvi, 20; 2 Chron. xxvii, 9— xxviii, 
27 ; (12) Hezekiah, 2 Kings xvi, 20— xx, 21 ; 2 Chron. xxviii, 27— 
xxxii, 33; (13) Manasseh, 2 Kings xx, 21— xxi, 18; 2 Chron. 
xxxii, 33— xxxiii, 20; (14) Amon, 2 Kings xxi, 18-26; 2 Chron. 
xxxiii, 20-25; (15) Josiah, 2 Kings xxi, 26— xxiii, 30; 2 Chron. 
xxxiii, 25 — xxxvi, 1; (16) Jehoahaz, 2 Kings xxiii, 30-34; 2 
Chron. xxxvi, 1-3; (17) Jehoiakim, 2 Kings xxiii, 34 — xxiv, 6; 
2 Chron. xxxvi, 4-8; (18) Jehoiachin, 2 Kings xxiv, 6-17; 
Chron. xxxvi, 8-10; (19) Zedekiah, 2 Kings xxiv, 17— xxv, 7; 2 
Chron. xxxvi, 10-21. 



Hebrew National Life. 125 

STUDY XV.— Third Day. Memory Verse, 2 Chron. xx, 21. 

Eead 2 Chron. xx, 20-30. There is given here a vivid 
illustration of a victory gained by following God's order. 

Suggestions for IViap Work. 

Make a map of the Babylonian Empire, place Jeru- 
salem, Megiddo, Carchemish, and Babylon, and mark the 
course of the captives of Judah from Jerusalem to Baby- 
lon. See Maps 1, 3, and 7, in text-book, using sections 
8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, of the last named: Calkin, 140-146, and 
Map I; Hurlbut, 92. 

STUDY XV. — Fourth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Chron. xxviii, 15. 
Eead 2 Chron. xxviii, 1-15. On the record given in 
the Memory Verse, may be noted these words: *'This 
beautiful incident comes over our senses as might some 
strain of soft and happy music amidst the bray of 
trumpets and alarms of war."* 

General References. 

Blaikie, 300-329; Ottley, 162-217; Bamicott, 111-122; 
Beardslee, 65-92, 107-125, 210-215 ; Burney, 17, 37, 42, 46, 47, 62, 
72, 91, 112 ; Matheson,- II, 242-264 ; Price, 144-215 ; Given, 15-93 

STUDY XV.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings xix, 35. 

Read 2 Kings xix, 14-22, 28, 35-37. The figure of 
Isaiah appears beside Hezekiah, and then comes the 
stroke from heaven on the Assyrians, answering to his 
prophetic word. 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Class-work. 

1. Divinely -given revivals. Josh, xxiv, 22, 23; Judg. vi, 34, 
35 ; 1 Sam. vii, 3-6 ; 2 Sam. vi, 15 ; 1 Kings xviii, 37-39 ; 2 Kings 
xxiii, 1-3: 2 Chron. vii, 14; xxx, 8-13, 21-23, 26, 27; Neh. viii. 
1-3 ; Psa. Ixxxv, 6 ; Joel ii, 28, 29 ; Hosea x, 12. 

2. Sketch of Jehoshaphat and his reign. Scripture Outline 
(4) ; Blaikie, 305-307; Bamicott, 112, 113; Given, 22-34. 



4 Quoted In Blaikie, 297. 



126 Studies in the Old Testament. 

3. Ahaz the wicked. 2 Kings xvi ; 2 Chron. xxviii ; Blaikie, 
311; Ottley, 193-197; Given, 53-56. 

4. Brief, dramatic picture of Hezekiah and Isaiah meeting 
the Assyrian threat against Jerusalem. 2 Kings xviii, 13 — xix ; 
2 Chron. xxxii, 1-22; Isa. xxii, xxxiii, xxxvi, xxxvii ; Blaikie, 
312-317; Ottley, 199-204; Price, 181-193; Given, 59-61.« 

5. Young Josiah and the finding of the Book of the Law. 
2 Kings xxii, 1— xxiii, 4; 2 Chron. xxxiv, 14-32; Blaikie, 320, 
321 ; Ottley, 206-210 ; Given, 67-74. 

6. Short story of the new Babylonian Empire and Babylon. 
Blaikie, 332, 333, 342-354 ; Hui-lbut, 93 ; Rogers, II, 297-381 ; 
Murison (B. and A.), 60-73. 

7. Battles of Megiddo and Carchemish, 608-605 B. C. 2 
Kings xxiii, 28-30; xxiv, 7: 2 Chron. xxxv, 20-25; Jer. xlvi, 2, 
Ottley, 211-213; Rogers, II, 309-314; Davidson (E. and R.), 
7-10. 

STUDY XV.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings xxii, 8. 

Read 2 Kings xxii, 1-13; xxiii, 1-6, 21-25. Among 
the revivals which came to God's people through these 
centuries, the most thorough is that which resulted from 
a new forth-shining of the Word of God. 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. About how many centuries of history had Judah from 
the disruption to the captivity? See Narrative. 

2. How many kings reigned over Judah during this time ? 

3. Can you give the names of three kings of Judah that 
mark periods of revival? 

4. What names mark about the lowest depths of the nation's 
course? 

5. What great prophet-statesman stood by Hezekiah against 
the Assyrians? 

6. What new force came in the reign of Josiah? 

7. Where and how did this loved king meet his death? 

8. When and under what foreign king was Jerusalem 
destroyed and Judah made captive? 

STUDY XV.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, 2 Chron. xxxvi, 16. 
Read 2 Chron. xxxvi, 11-21. "No remedy" (vs. 16) 
against captivity is God's verdict, because Judah*s sin 
had gone too far. 

6 See also G. A. Smith, Isaiah, I, SOS, 374 (Expositor's Bible). 



Hebrew National Life. 127 

Personal Thought. 

"When the burnt-offering began, the song of Jehovah 
began also, and the trumpets." (2 Chron. xxix, 27.) 

Phillips Brooks finds this a text for a noble sermon 
on "The joy of self-sacrifice.'^ 

Is self-sacrifice in my life accompanied with song and 
trumpet ? 



PART v.— SIXTEENTH ^W:EEK. 
IN EXILE AND RESTOEATIOX, TO 4 B. C. 



STUDY XVI.— First Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings xxv, 12. 
Eead 2 Kings, xxv, 22-30. 

Narrative. 
Time, Place, It is not easy to draw sharp lines, marking either the 

?"*tiie Ca*" beginning or end of the exile or captivity of the Jews.* 
tivity. The period of seventy years, mentioned by Jeremiah * as 

the length of the captivity, may be reckoned in a general 
way from the destruction of the temple in 586 to its 
dedication after rebuilding in 516 B. C, covering just 
seventy years.* But the first large deportation by Nebu- 
chadnezzar from Judah of about ten thousand, with 
king Jehoiachin,* was in 597. The second company 
of captives when Jerusalem fell, probably numbered 
3,855;' and the third, 745, in 581 B. C.« These numbers 
are all for men, and Kent estimates that they represent, 
counting women and children, about fifty thousand 
people.' Others also went to Egypt, especially the com- 
pany that took Jeremiah with them in 586 B. C, about 
two months after Jerusalem was destroyed.® Therefore, 

1 During the captivity, this term became the name of the Hebrew 
race, pointing back to the tribe or country of Judah. Bib. Ency. II, 
958. 

2 Jer. xxix, 10; 2 Chron. xxxvi, 21. 

32 Ohron. xxxvi, 21-23 ; Ezra i, 1— ii, 2. Some have made the words of 
Jeremiah xxix, 10, "After seventy years are accomplished for Babylon,'» 
to mean the period of special servitude to Babylon, and count it from 
606 B. C, when Daniel and other youths were taken to Babylon, to 536 
B. O., which is about the date of the first return under Zerubbabel. 
The " seventy years " of Jeremiah may be taken as a round number, 
if the dates mentioned do not exactly conform to it. See, also, Blaikle, 
862. 

42 Kings xxlv, 14-16. 

6 Jer. lii, 28, 29 (if " seven " In vs. 28 is for " seventeen "). 

6 Jer. lii, 30. 

7 Kent, History of the Jewish People^ 17-19. See also Rogers, II, 832. 

8 Jer. xlili, 1-8; Davidson (E.& R.), 48, 44. 

128 



Hebrew National Life. 129 

during the time of the exile, the Jews are to be thought 
of as chiefly in Babylon and Egypt, though a few of the 
poorest of the people were left in the land "to be vine- 
dressers and husbandmen." (2 Kings xxv, 12.) 

Among the greater prophets, Jeremiah was a promi- its Biblical 
nent factor in all the period leading up to and covering '^®****®°** 
the early stages of the exile ; and Ezekiel was among the 
first company mentioned above as going to Babylonia in 
597, where his prophetic ministry covered about 693- 
570 B. C. The life and work of both are considered in 
Study XXIII. By many, the latter part of Isaiah, from 
chapter xl onward, is attributed to a great ''evangelical 
prophet " toward the end of the exile. ^ The events and 
characters in Daniel also belong to this period.*" None 
of the Minor Prophets wrote in the time of the captivity. 
Probably not a few of the Psalms embody experiences of 
the exiles. It is thought that then were collected and 
edited some of the early Biblical books, such as those of 
Judges, Samuel, and Kings." 

The exile deeply influenced the Jewish people in the its Effsct on 
way of weaning them from idolatry, and making religion ^® "'•^'^^ 
spiritual and individual. The Church, as distinct from 
the State, was now seen to be possible, and there came to 
be felt a craving for a collection of the Scriptures and 
the fellowship of meeting-places like the later syna- 
gogues. Thus the exile was the birth-time of many 
principles that make religion what it is to-day. 

The Eestoration, or bringing back of a sufficient The Return, 
number of the Jewish people from Babylon to again 
establish their life and religion in southern Palestine 
and Jerusalem, was spread over about a hundred years. 
Cyrus, the king of Elam and then of Persia, had mas- 
tered the Babylonian Empire in 539 B. C, and through 
his broad and enlightened policy, the first company 

9 0ttley, 228; Davidson (E. «S; R.), 67-70; Klrkpatrick, 351-410. See 
the question considered In Study XXII. 

10 See Study XXIV. 

U Davidson (E.& R.), 4S. 
9 



130 Studies in the Old Testament. 

under Zerubbabel, numbering 42,360, returned about 
537 B. C. They erected the altar of burnt-sacrifice, and 
started other parts of the former services ; but little was 
done toward rebuilding the temple, until through the 
appeals of the prophets, Haggai and Zechariah, the work 
was pushed from 520 to 516 B. C, when the building 
was finished and dedicated. Ezra v, vi. 
Work of Ezra, Then fifty-eight years pass by without record, and in 
JJ^^'^***' ""** 458 B. C, Ezra, with a company of about 1,000, returns 
and seeks to carry out a reform in the matter of mixed 
marriage, but with only partial success. Finally, Ne- 
hemiah, in 445 and again in 433, came with more author- 
ity from Artaxerxes, the king, and under his leadership, 
Joined with Ezra, the reform was completed, and the 
people were pledged to obedience to the Mosaic law. 
The walls of Jerusalem were rebuilt in fifty-two days, 
at Nehemiah's first visit. The Book of Malachi comes 
between this and the second visit, or about 440 B. C, 
and the historical setting of the book of Esther some- 
what earlier.^^ 
Rival Com- The cfEorts of Ezra and Nehemiah to establish the 

munity of the renewed Jewish center at Jerusalem on a pure basis made 

Samaritans. 

it necessary to exclude the grandson of Eliashib from 

priestly service, and in other ways those who did not 

agree with the strict standard withdrew, and probably 

joined the Samaritans in a rival religious community, 

that has come down in a little group at Nablus, by Mt. 

Gerizim, even to this day." 

Extent and The bounds of the country occupied by the Jews 

l^jjj^^"®"^ *** outside of the city of Jerusalem were now gradually 

Judaism. extended, but for generations they did not include more 

than 1,000 square miles, scarcely reaching south to 

Hebron. Yet during the Persian period, and still more 

fully in the Greek era, the religious authority of Judaism 

was accepted in Galilee, and in Perea, east of the Jordan. 

I2 0ttley (H. p.), 87; Ottley, 244, 245; Price, 264-256. 
i3Neh.xlil, 4-9, 28-31; Ottley, 241, 242; Skinner, 18-21; Price, 288-290; 
Davidson (E. <fe R.). 100. 



Hebrew National Life. 131 

The means by which Judaism kept and led its people 
were chiefly three : the priesthood ; the scribes or teachers 
of the law, who were largely laymen; and the synagogue/* 
The Persian period of Jewish history extended from 
537 to 333 B. C, and the hundred years from the time 
of IN'ehemiah onward were comparatively tranquil and 
uneventful. The Greek period can, perhaps, best be 
reckoned from 333 to 167 B. 0.^^ It was marked by 
inroads of Hellenic influence, and the building of Greek 
cities in Palestine, such as Ptolemais (Acco), Paneas 
(Dan), Pella, Scythopolis (Bethshan), Azotus (Ashdod), 
and Gaza. The Jews of the Dispersion greatly increased 
in numbers and strength; and in Egypt, chiefly at 
Alexandria, the Septuagint translation of the Old Tes- 
tament Scriptures into Greek was made from about 250 
B. C. onward.^* The Maccabean period, from 167 to 63 
B. C, is made notable at its opening by the war of 
liberation from the tyranny of Antiochus Epiphanes, led 
by Judas Maccabaeus, and the later successes of his 
brothers, Jonathan and Simon." In this period, the three 
Jewish sects of the Pharisees, the Sadduces, and Essenes 
came forward. The beginning of the Roman period 
brings Jewish history from 63 to 4 B. C, and is marked 
by the rise of the house of the Herods. The long story 
of Hebrew life, from the far-off days of Abraham, closes 
for this text-book with the end of the reign of Herod the 
Great and the birth of Christ. 



"How shall we sing the Lord's song in a strange 
land?" The soul of man yields forth its sweetest 
music only under the skillful touch of the Dirine 
Harmonist. 



14 Skinner, 12-17, 21. 

15 Skinner, 24-42. Kent, History of the Jewish People, 271, 272, extends 
It to 165 B. 0., tiU the third Maccabean victory made possible the re- 
dedication of the temple. 

16 Blaikie, 388. 

17 For geographical points, see Map 20. 



132 Studies in the Old Testament. 

STUDY XVI.— Second Day. Memory Verse, Psa. cxxxvii,6. 

Read Psa. cxxxvii. Perhaps no words have done more 
to give a vision of the feelings of the exiles than those of 
this psalm. 

Scripture Outline. 

Ezra : (1) The first colony and its work, 536-515 B.C., i— vi ; 
(2) The second colony, under Ezra, 458 B. C, vii — x. 

Nfehemiaht (1) Repairing the walls, i — ^vii ; (2) Renewing 
the covenant, viii— xii, 26 ; (3) Dedication of the walls and final 
efforts, xii, 27-44. 

Esther: (1) Esther becomes Ahasuerus's queen, i, ii ; (2) 
Haman's promotion, jealousy and plot, iii ; (3) Counter steps of 
Mordecai and Esther, iv, v ; (4) Mordecai^s exaltation, Haman's 
downfall, vi, vii ; (5) Favorable outcome for the Jews and Mor- 
decai, viii — X. 

STUDY XVI.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Jer. xxix, 11. 

Eead Jer. xxix, 4-14. These words are part of a pas- 
toral letter written by Jeremiah at Jerusalem to the 
exiles, not long after the first colony was taken to Baby- 
lonia in 597 B. G. It shows that their lot was not one of 
distress, and God promises to remember them with peace, 
and assures them of their return. ^^ 

Suggestions for Map Work. 

Maps of the Persian Empire and that of Alexander 
can be made, and the extent of the renewed Jewish com- 
munity in Palestine can be shown. See Map 15 in text- 
book; Hurlbut, 93-95. 

STUDY XVI.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Ezek. xlvii, 5. 

Read Ezek. xlvii, 1-12. This passage gives perhaps the 
most beautiful and suggestive phase of EzekiePs great 
vision of the temple, — the flow of the waters in an ever 
widening and deepening stream from the threshold east- 
ward to the Dead Sea.^^ *' Waters to swim in" (vs. 5), 

18 As to their general situation, see Rogers, II, 335. 

19 DrireT, Introduction, 294, notes the practical turn of the prophet's 
mind, in that he represents the marshes beside the Dead Sea remaining 
as they are on account of the excellent salt which they furnish. 



Hebrew National Life 



133 



well expresses the fullness of salvation. This vision came 
to the prophet on JSTew Year's Day, 572 B. C.'« 




Map 15. Persian and Greek Periods. 

(1) Persian Empire. (2) Alexander's Empire. (3) Persian Province 
of Judah. (4) J udah as enlarged during the Greek Period. 



General References. 

Blaikie, 342-411 ; Ottley, 218-282 ; Barnicott, 123-129 ; Beards- 
lee, 186-190, 201-208 ; Burney, 6-11, 17-31, 48, 72, 78, 90, 112-117, 
121, 126; W. B., 129-137; Brown, 119-141; Price, 210-261, 279- 
290; Davidson (E. and li.), entire ; Skinner, entire. 



20Harvey-Jeilio, 86. 



134 Studies in the Old Testament. 

STUDY XVI.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Ezra iii, 18. 

Eead Ezra iii, 8-13. By another step in the history, 
probably the year 536 B. C.^^ witnesses this laying of the 
foundations of the temple under Zerubbabel. 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Class-work. 

1. God accepts and restores the humble and contrite. 2 
Chron. vii, 14 ; xii, 6, 7 ; xxxiii, 12 ; 2 Kings xxii, 19 ; Psa. xxxiv, 
18 ; li, 17 ; Isa. Ivii, 14-18. 

2. Brief sketch of the Jewish exiles with their surroundings 
in Babylonia. Blaikie, 843-347, 355, 856 ; Ottley, 218-227 ; Price, 
218 ; Murison (B. and A.), 111-115 ; Davidson (E. and E.) , 46-49. 

3. Describe the return journey of a company of the exiles. 
Blaikie, 360 ; Davidson (E. and R.) , 76-78. See also Map 7. 

4. Ezra and his service in forming the Jewish people and 
the Bible. Blaikie, 371-373 ; Ottley, 235-241 ; Davidson (E. and 
E.), 90-98, 106-114. 

5. The character and work of Nehemiah. Blaikie, 873-375 ; 
Ottley, 237-242; Davidson (E. and E.), 98-109. 

6. Short, dramatic outline of the story of the book of 
Esther. Blaikie, 368-371 ; Ottley, 244, 245 ; Beardslee, 186-190 ; 
W. B., 129-137 ; Price, 248-261. 

7. The Septuagint version of the Scriptures. Blaikie, 888, 
339; Ottley, 253, 254. 

8. Beasts of burden after the captivity. Ezra ii, 66. 

STUDY XVI.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Neh. viii, 8. 

Eead Neh. viii, 1-3, 8-12. A much longer time sepa- 
rates this date from the preceding event given in yester- 
day's section, and this faithful reading of the law prob- 
ably took place in 444 B. C, beside the Water Gate on 
the east side of Jerusalem. ^^ 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. What is the usual time named as the length of the cap- 
tivity? See Narrative. 

2. Can you name some of the prophets associated with the 
exile ? 

3. What three men were the chief leaders in the Eestora- 
tion? 



21 Davidson (E. and R.), 79. 

220ttley, 238, 239; Davidson (E. and R.), 107. 



Hebrew National Life. 135 

4. When did the dedication of the new temple occur? 

5. What is the date of the public reading of the law by Ezra? 

6. Can you name several periods of Jewish history from 
Cyrus to the birth of Christ? 

STUDY XVL—Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Esth. iv, 14. 
Eead Esth. iv. 13-17. 

Personal Thought. 

" So will I go in unto the king, which is not according 
to the law: and if I perish, I perish." (Esth. iv, 16.) 

One of the heroic figures that stands out clearly 
against the background of these centuries is Esther. "A 
mere slip of a girl in her teens," yet note her brave 
words: "So will I . . . and if I perish, I perish." 

There are many occasions where the young man or the 
young woman can show brave fidelity to duty in this age. 

What are my words when the test comes ? 



PAET YI. 

HEBKEW SINGEES AND WISDOM 
WRITEES. 



SEVENTEENTH ^SVEEK. 
THE PSALMS. 



STUDY XVII.— First Day. Memory Verses, Psa. i, 1, 2. 
Head Psa. i. 

Narrative. 
Some of Of the Old Testament material that has passed in 

the"^writ- review in the previous Studies, the books have been 
chiefly from the first and second divisions, the Law and 
the Prophets, according to the Hebrew arrangement. 
Those belonging to the third division, the Writings, 
have been Euth, First and Second Chronicles, Ezra, 
Nehemiah, and Esther. Part VI is now to cover an 
extended portion of this third division, giving one Study 
to the Psalms and two Studies to the Wisdom Literature. 
Jesus' AUu- When Jesus appeared to his disciples in the room 
siontothe v^hero they were assembled on the evening of the day 
of his resurrection, he said to them, "These are my 
words which I spake unto you, while I was yet with you^ 
that all things must needs be fulfilled, which are written 
in the law of Moses, and the prophets, and the Psalms, 
concerning me" (Luke xxiv, 44). It has often been 
noted that he here seems to have in vie^^' each of the 
three divisions of the Jewish Scriptures as bearing wit- 
ness to him. But from the third, the "Writings," he 
names the Psalms as the most important, and they stand 
first in that division. 



Singers and Wisdom Writers. 137 



This agrees with the judgment of the great body of Tribute tothe 

Greatness of 
Their Service. 



Christians. No part of the Old Testament is so akin ^'■'"*"'" "' 



to the New as the Psalms. They have been and are still 
so helpful to devotion, so musical with praise, so full of 
comfort, that they are often bound up with the Kew 
Testament. The Psalter *'was the first book which the 
early Church put into the hands of her young converts, 
the primer of her religious teaching; and no man could 
be admitted to the highest order of the clergy unless he 
knew the Psalter by heart. "^ It is still one of the first 
books of the Bible, after the Gospels, to be translated by 
the pioneer missionary. It has entered into the liturgy 
and hymns of the entire Church. It speaks to the uni- 
versal heart of mankind. Says Davison: ** Believers in 
God and the human soul, who gr,apple with the problems 
of this difficult life, who bend under its burdens, and 
long for emancipation from its evils, who know the 
mystic joys of penitence and the unspeakable enlarge- 
ment of the spirit in its aspirations after righteousness 
and its enjoyment of personal communion with a personal 
God, will never exhaust the fullness of the Psalms, nor 
weary of their repetition.^' ^ 

The Psalms belong to lyric poetry, and show more Relations to 
fully than any of the other poetical books of the Bible Hebrew 
the striking and peculiar points of Hebrew poetical style 
and meter. This, as most may know, is without rhyme, 
and consists in the rhythm of thought and balance of 
sentences, so that, in its usual form, a second idea and 
its expression closely parallels a first, the two together 
being like the combined stroke of a bird's wings, if one 
is pictured as following the other : 

** The heavens declare the glory of God ; 
And the firmament showeth his handiwork/" 



iVan Dyke, TJie Story of the Psalms, quoted by Robertson, 7. See 
also N. C. B. (Psa.), I, 42. 

2 Davison, (Psa.), 3. 

3 Psa. xix, 1. 



138 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Use in the 
Musical 
Service of 
Temple. 



Authorsliip 
and Dates. 



Sometimes the two lines, or the ideas in them, are in 
contrast, and a verse may extend to more than the two 
lines, so that it shall consist of three or four or even a 
larger number. The verses are built up into stanzas, 
though these are not as regular as in English poetry; 
and many of the Psalms would not easily divide into 
stanzas. Very interesting are the acrostic features of 
some of the Psalms ; so that, for example, in Psalm cxix, 
twenty- two sections of eight verses each use each succes- 
sive letter of the Hebrew alphabet to begin the verses of 
its section. 

The Psalms were largely made to be sung, and the 
inscriptions of many of them refer to the precentor or 
conductor, as Heman or Asaph, who sounded aloud with 
cymbals, while others led the singing vocally to the 
accompaniment of psalteries for the soprano and harps 
for the bass, as violins and violoncellos would now be 
used.* Various kinds of trumpets were the other chief 
instruments, in addition to those just mentioned, em- 
ployed in the temple music. The names of tunes to 
which, in earlier days, some of the Psalms were sung are 
also found in the inscriptions, in the form of titles of 
familiar songs, like **The Hind of the Morning" or 
'* Lilies," with which they were associated.* 

As to the authorship and date of the Psalms, very 
careful and thoughtful writers, like Davison, Robertson, 
and Kirkpatrick, would assign some of them, but not a 
large number, to David. The first-named, in a recent 
statement, would make the number of possible Davidic 
Psalms from ten to twenty, including Psalms iii, iv, 
vii, viii, xv, xviii, xxiii, xxiv, xxxii, and perhaps ci and 
ex.* Beardslee and others would assign a much large 
number of Psalms to David. Practically all scholars 



4 See 1 Chron. xv, 17-21, where Alamoth probably meaas soprano 
and Sheminiih, bass. 

5 See Inscriptions of Psalms xxil and xlv Am V.. with the mar- 
ginal translations. 

6 Hast. Bib. Diet., IV, 151. 



Singers and Wisdom Writers. 139 

agree that the inscriptions to the Psalms, being a com- 
paratively recent addition to the book, can not be relied 
upon to determine the authorship, so that the internal 
evidence of each Psalm must largely decide by whom and 
at what time it was written. About one third of the 
Psalter is without titles indicating authorship, and so has 
always been anonymous. This may serve to show how 
unimportant, after all, is the question of authorship in 
the study of the Psalms ; for the anonymous Psalms are 
as precious as those whose authors are supposed to be 
known. It is now thought that these hymns of the 
Church of the old covenant were written from the time 
of David onward during several centuries. Collections 
of Psalms were formed, and were gradually added one to 
another. Five such collections are seen in the present 
Book of Psalms. The number of Psalms belonging to 
each can be noted by reference to the Scripture Outline 
for this lesson. 



The attitude of the inspired writers toward 
nature is always reverent and devout. Here is 
found the finest poetry, in all the wide realm of 
literature. 

"On every line, 
Marked with the seals of high Divinity, 
On every leaf bedewed with drops 
Of love Divine, and with the eternal heraldry 
And signature of God Almighty stamped 
From first to last." 



STUDY XVII.— Second Day. Memory Verse, Psa. xxiii, 1. 

Eead Psa. xxiii. ]S"o one should fail to have this 
precious Psalm as a sure possession in the memory. " Thy 
rod and thy staff, they comfort me " (vs. 4), were the last 
V7ords of Sir William Hamilton. 



140 Studies in the Old Testament. 

Scripture Outline. 

Psalms : (1) First Book, 41 Psalms, i — xli ; (2) Second Book, 
31 Psalms, xlii — Ixxii ; (3) Third Book, 17 Psalms, Ixxiii— Ixxxix : 
(4) Fourth Book, 17 Psalms, xc— cvi ; (5) Fifth Book, 44 Psalms, 
cvii — cl. 

STUDY XVM.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Psa. xlvi, 1. 

Eead Psa. xlvi. This and the next two Psalms have 
been connected with the overthrow of Sennacherib and 




Map 16. Jerusalem of Later Old Testament. 

deliverance of Jerusalem in the time of Hezekiah.'^ 
Luther's great hymn, "A mighty fortress is our God,"' 
was inspired by this Psalm. 

7 Davison (Psa.), xv, xvi; Kirkpatiick, Cambridge Bible for Schools* 



Singers and Wisdom Writers. 141 

Suggestions for Map Work. 

Make a large map extending from Ethiopia to Baby- 
lonia, and then place on it as many geographical names 
as can be found in the Psalms, and after each name the 
figures for the number of each Psalm in which it occurs, 
as Babylon, 87, 137. Consult maps in text-book and 
elsewhere. As an alternative, study Map 16, which rep- 
resents the Jerusalem of the Psalms. 

STUDY XVII.— Fourth Day. Memory Yerse, Psa. Ixxii, 8. 

Read Psa. Ixxii. In connection with this noble Psalm 
with its outlook toward world-conquest for Christ, note 
the words of James Gilmour, the heroic missionary 
pioneer in Mongolia, as to how the Psalms helped him: 
"When I feel I can not make headway in devotion, I 
open in the Psalms, push out in my canoe, and let myself 
be carried along in the stream of devotion which flows 
through the whole book.'' 

General References. 

Blaikie, 255, 256; Ottley, 249; Beardslee, 142-154; Bumey, 
8-26, 48, 71, 72, 89, 90, 111-120; Matheson, I, 278, 279; Davison 
(Psa.), entire; Robertson entire. 

STUDY XVII.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Psa. Ixxxiv, 11. 

Read Psa. Ixxxiv. Previous selections have been from 
the first and second books or collections of the Psalms: 
this fervent hymn on the joys of the sanctuary is from 
the midst of the third book, and is deservedly a wide 
favorite especially for use in the Church service. 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Class-work. 

1. The praise of God. 1 Chron. xvi, 4, 25, 36 ; 2 Chron. xx, 
21, 22; Ezra iii, 10, 11; Psa. xxxiv, 1; 1, 23; Ixv, 1; xcii, 1-3; 
cxlviii, 1-4, 8-13 ; Jer. xx, 13 ; Col. iii, 16 ; Heb. xiii, 15 ; Rev. 
vii, 9-12. 

2. Special structure of Hebrew poetry. Beardslee, 141, 142; 
Davison (Psa.), 70-85; N. C. B. (Psa.), I, 32-39. 



142 Studies in the Old Testament. 

3. Historical and imaginative description of the musical 
service of the Jewish temple. 1 Chron. xxiii, 5 ; xxv, 1, 6-8 ; 2 
Chron. v, 12, 13 ; xxxi, 21 ; Davison (Psa.), 85-93. 

4. Study of musical instruments used by the Hebrew people, 
Psa. Ixxxi, 2, 3; xcii, 3; xcviii, 5, 6; cl, 3-5; Davison (Psa.), 
86, 87 ; Bib. Diet. 

5. The Psalms as literature or poetry. Davison (Psa.), 93- 
99 ; Eobertson, 146-173. 

6. Christ in the Psalms, Psa. ii, xxii, xlv, Ixxii, ex ; Blaikie. 
256; Beardslee, 153; Burney, 111, 115; Davison (Psa.), 201-254. 

7. The spiritual power and service of the Psalms. Beards- 
lee, 143, 153 ; Burney, 126-129 ; Davison (Psa.), 263-287 ; Robert- 
son, 235-290. 

STUDY XVII.— Sixth Day. Memory Verses, Psa. ciii, 12, 13. 

Eead Psa. ciii. It is difficult to make a choice of one 
from among the grand Psalms of the fourth collection. 
The ninetieth, with which the book opens, the ninety- 
first, the one hundredth, the one hundred and fourth, 
must needs be passed by in order that the one having the 
deepest and tenderest notes of praise of any in the Psalter 
may be chosen. *' The personal relation between God and 
his people hardly finds such full recognition anywhere 
else in the Old Testament," says Davison. 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. In what way did Christ perhaps refer to the three divi- 
sions of the Old Testament Scriptures ? See Narrative. 

2. Can you describe the special feature of Hebrew poetry 
called " parallelism ? " 

3. What were some of the musical instruments used in the 
temple service ? 

4. During what general period were the Psalms probably 
composed ? 

5. How many collections are found in the present book of 
Psalms ? 

6. Can you give your personal choice of five Psalms? 

STUDY XVII. — Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Psa. cxxi, 8. 

Read Psa. cxxi. The selection from the fifth book of 
Psalms is taken from the special group of beautiful 



Singers and Wisdom Writers. 143 

psalms within it (cxx — cxxxiv), known as the "Pilgrim 
Psalms," or Psalms of Degrees or Ascents, because they 
express the feeling of the nation in returning from exile, 
and going up to the city and sanctuary of God. 

Personal Thought. 

"All my springs are in thee." (Psa. Ixxxvii, 7, A. V.) 
Are all the most powerful impulses, the richest inspir- 
ations, the keenest joys, the sweetest loves, the largest 
hopes of your life from. God ? Then you also are a 
psalmist, though as yet the music in your heart may be 
without words. '^All my springs are in Thee,^^ 



PART VI.— EIGHTEENTH "WEEEL 
PEO VERBS AND SONG OF SOLOMON. 



* The Wise. 



Qrowtta and 
Forms of 
Hebrew 
Wisdom. 



STUDY XVIII.~First Day. Memory Verse, Prov. i, 33. 
Read Prov. i, 20-33. 

Narrative. 

The class of persons among the Hebrews known as 
" the Wise " might be placed beside the priests and the 
prophets as a third class (Jer. xviii, 18) whose teachings 
and writings were prized by the people, especially from 
about the time of Solomon onward to the Christian era.^ 
While they are referred to only incidentally, and were 
not distinguished as fully as the priests or even the 
prophets by dress or outward signs, they were doubtless 
often publicly known in the communities where they 
resided and taught. 

The Book of Proverbs presents Hebrew wisdom in its 
purest and most distinctive form. This element in the 
life and thought of the people had its first almost un- 
noticed expression in mere similitudes. Next may be 
placed riddles, like that of Samson; fables, such as that 
which Jotham used about the trees ; or parables, as those 
of Nathan and the wise woman of Tekoa.^ Later came 
the longer and more studied productions of wisdom, some 
being chiefly dramatic in treatment, like the Book of Job 
and the Song of Solomon, and others more of the nature 
of a sermon or essay, as the Book of Ecclesiastes and 
portions of the Book of Proverbs. But the term mashal,* 

1 Davison (Wis. Lit.), 8-14; Kent, 11-46; Ottley, 24&-251. 

2judg. xiv, 12-18; ix, 7-20; 2 Sam. xli, 1-15; xiv, 1-20; Kent, 33-38. 

S Hebrew word for proverb. 

144 



Singers and Wisdom Writers. 145 

though it applies to all of these, is especially appropriate 
when used to denote the short, pithy precept usually 
thought of as a proverh.* 

The large number of such proverbs brought together coiicctioiM of 
in the book now being considered probably makes it a P'o^*'***- 
collection extending over several centuries of Hebrew 
history. Solomon's work lies at the foundation, and even 
he may have gathered up many earlier sayings and given 
them such fresh and apt wording that they became 
merged with his own proverbs. Others after him uttered 
proverbs, and then there came times when collections 
were made. Two such principal collections are seen in 
Prov. X — xxii, 16, and xxv — xxix, and the second has pre- 
faced to it the words, " These also are proverbs of Solo- 
mon, which the men of Hezekiah, king of Judah copied 
out" (Prov. xxv, 1). Davison would make the date of the 
first of the above collections from fifty to a hundred years 
before the time of Hezekiah.^ The first nine chapters of 
the book are introductory, and the portions not mentioned 
are appendixes to the main collections. 

The Book of Proverbs in its moral teachings has ever Two Cob- 
in view two great contrasted ideas. On the one side jg t'J^^ted ideas. 
"wisdom," with a group of words that go along with it, 
like *' understanding," "knowledge," "prudence," "dis- 
cretion." On the other side is "folly," also with its train, 
such as "stupidity," "ignorance," " brutishness," "vil- 
lainy." These lists are somewhat like those of the fruits 
of the Spirit and the works of the flesh in the New Testa- 
ment, and the presence or absence of the respective qual- 
ities of character serves to mark mankind ofi into two 
classes. 

But the book is not merely moral. It is also religious ; Raiigious 
and as such it judges all things and all persons and'''®"^* 
actions from the point of view of Jehovah. 



4 Kent, 33-46; Davison (Wis. Lit.), 121, 122. 
5 Davison (Wis. Lit.), 115. 
10 



146 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Wisdom 
Personified. 



Points of 

Character 

Covered. 



Song of 
Solomon. 



Purpose of 
CompositiOE 



** The fear of Jehovah is the beginning of wisdom." 

'* Commit thy works unto Jehovah." 

"Jehovah directeth his steps." 

" Whoso findeth a wife findeth a good thing, and obtaineth 
favor of Jehovah." 

*' A false balance is an abomination to Jehovah ; but a just 
weight is his delight." 

" They that seek Jehovah understand all things."^ 

Under this religious impulse, Wisdom is beautifully 
personified in the first chapter of Proverbs, and still more 
fully portrayed in all her lovely traits and winning serv- 
ices in the eighth chapter. Says Davison: "The writer 
goes out of his way to use dainty and expressive words to 
illustrate the great truth that cheerfulness and joy belong 
to the realm of order, not of disorder ; that true gayety of 
heart belongs to wisdom, not to folly; that in creation 
there is not only mind but heart, not only grave and pro- 
found purpose, but overflowing joy.'' 

The special precepts of the book bear pn so many 
practical points that they can not begin to be named. 
Falsehood, anger, pride, envy, lust, sloth, avarice, and 
evil speaking among other sins and vices are condemned ; 
and truth, temperance, tact, diligence, faithfulness, gen- 
erosity, mercy, cheerfulness, reverence, righteousness, 
and many other virtues and graces are commended.® 

But few lines are left in which to treat the Song of 
Solomon. It therefore seems best to pass by all the diffi- 
cult questions which hedge about this book, and state 
simply the results which seem to be more and more fully 
assured.* 

The book is composed of a series of delicate and 
beautiful poems cast in a dramatic form and intended to 
celebrate pure nuptial love. The language has the glow- 
ing warmth and color of the Orient in symbol and im- 



eProv. Ix, 10; ill, 8, 9; xvlli, 22; xi, 1; xxvlii, 5. 
7 Davison (Wis. Lit.), 150. 

8 For a classlflcatiou by subjects of all the Proverbs, see Kent, 75-156. 
9 See especially Hast. Bib. Diet., arts. "Song of Songs," and 
' Shunem." 



Singers and Wisdom Writers. 147 

agery, but the production is pure from beginning to end. 
It really celebrates the triumph of the love of a maiden 
for her lover in the north of Israel, over the desire of 
King Solomon to make her his wife; and was composed 
to show the power of pure love, probably because there 
was a beautiful maiden from Shunem in northern Israel 
at the court in the opening of Solomon's reign, of whom 
it is not recorded that she became his wife.^" In Kings 
she is called **the Shunammite;" in the poem 'Hhe Shu- 
lammite,^' from another form of the name of Shunem. On 
this slender little clue it appears the poem was built. Its 
place in the Scriptures is sure, because it makes the Bible 
even more complete, not only to have such love used as 
a symbol of the love of God for Israel, in the Old Testa- 
ment, and of the love of Christ for the Church, in the 
New, but to have such love presented in all its strength 
and glory for its own sake. 

The movement of the poem is extremely difficult to Selections. 
follow. Eead, then, in conclusion these two selections: 

** Rise up, my love, my fair one, and come away. 
For, lo, the winter is past ; 
The rain is over and gone ; 
The flowers appear on the earth ; 
The time of the singing of birds is come, 
And the voice of the turtle-dove is heard in our land ; 
Arise, my love, my fair one, and come away."^-^ 

" Set me as a seal upon thy heart. 
As a seal upon thine arm : 
For love is strong as death ; 



A very flame of Jehovah. 

Many waters can not quench love. 

Neither can floods drown it : 

If a man would give all the substance of his house 

for love. 
He would utterly be contemned. ^^ 



101 Kings i, 8, 4; 11,13-25. 
u Song of Solomon 11, 10-13. 
12 Song of Solomon vlli, 6, 7. 



148 Studies in the Old Testament. 



It is literally true that Divine Wisdom may be- 
come the guide to good men, affording clearness to 
the pow^ers of perception and poise to the judgment. 
This doctrine is set forth with clearness and power 
in the second chapter of Proverbs. 



STUDY XVIII.— Second Day. Memory Verses, Prov. ill, 9, 10. 
Eead Prov. iii, 1-6, 9-18. While the words ''my son," 
do not generally mean the young, in these addresses in 
Proverbs, but rather the disciple of wisdom, this book is 
of special value to the young. 

Scripture Outline. 

Proverbs: (1) Introductory essay or appeal, i — ix ; (2) First 
collection, x — xxii, 16; (3) Short collection of ''words of the 
wise," xxii, 17 — xxiv, 22; (4) Appendix, xxiv, 23-34; (5) 
Second collection, xxv-xxix ; (6) The words of Agur, xxx; (7) 
The words of King Lemuel, xxxi, 1-9 ; (8) Praise of the virtu- 
ous woman, xxxi 10-31. 

Song of Solomon : (1) The acts or parts in which King Solo- 
mon is seeking to win the maiden, i — v, 1 ; (2) The acts or parts 
in which the maiden is joined with her true lover, v, 2 — viii, 14.^ 

STUDY XVIII.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Prov. iv, 23. 

Read Prov. iv, 10-27. Among the most valuable are 
the precepts telling how to avoid temptation, as verses 15, 
and 25. Verse 23 is a noble ideal for character-building, 
the word "heart" corresponding to this modern term. 

Suggestions for Map Work. 

Locate the town of Shunem, in the eastern part of the 
Plain of Esdraelon, and study the Scripture allusions. 
See Map 9 in text-book; Smith, 397-403, and Plate VI; 
Josh, xix, 18; 1 Sam. xxviii, 4; 1 Kings i, 3; 2 Kings 
iv, 8. 



13 Hast. Bib. Diet., lY, 596. 



Singers and Wisdom Writers. 149 

STUDY XVIII.— Fourth Day. Memory Verses, Prov. viii, 35, 36. 
Read Prov. viii, 12-36. This is one of the choice 
chapters of the Bible. It would be well to memorize 
verses 22-36. 

General References. 

Blaikie, 263, 264; Beardslee, 154-158, 168-173; Burney, 8, 
72, 83; Davison (Wis. Lit.), 106-210, 272-311 ; Kent, entire. 

STU DY XVI II.— Fifth Day. Memory Verses, Prov. xxiii, 31, 32. 
Read Prov. xxiii, 29-35. The passage forms one of 
the most vivid and effective temperance lessons to be 
found in all literature. 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Class-work. 

1. Obedience to God brings wisdom. 1 Kings iii, 28 ; Job 
xxxiii, 28; Psa. cxi, 10; Prov. ii, 6, 7; iii, 5, 6; ix, 10; Eccles. 
ii, 26 ; Dan. i, 17 ; Luke ii, 52. 

2. The main points about Hebrew wisdom. Beardslee, 154, 
155 ; Davidson (Wis. Lit.), 3-19 ; Kent, 26-31. 

3. Types of wisdom literature, as proverb, parable, dramatic 
poem, and other forms. Kent, 32-46 ; Bib. Diet. 

4. Arrange some of the sayings of Proverbs about the right 
and wrong use of speech. Prov. xi, 13; xii, 19; xiv, 25; xv, 1, 
2, 23; xvi, 1, 28; xx, 3; xxv, 11; xxviii, 23; xxii, 26; (Select 
others and classify) . Kent, 94, 98, 110, 127-130, 134, 147. 

5. The proverbs on friendship. (Make a full collection and 
arrange). Kent, 100, 133. 

6. Some social teachings of the Book of Proverbs. Blaikie, 
263,264; Kent, 100-136. 

STUDY XVIII.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Prov. xxv, 11. 

Read Prov. xxv, 1-11. Note how Christ in his parable 
about the chief seats at wedding feasts (Luke xiv, 7-11), 
probably uses the illustrative suggestion of verse 7. Find 
other points showing his knowledge of the Book of 
Proverbs.^* 



14 Kent, 176-201. 



150 Studies in the Old Testament. 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. Can you mention some of the forms in which the teaching 
related to proverbs is foimd in the Old Testament? See Nar- 
rative. 

2. In the reign of what king of Judah was a collection of 
Proverbs made? 

3. What two words give the great moral contrast of Prov- 
erbs? 

4. What shows that the Proverbs are religious in their 
standard as well as moral? 

5. Can you name five vices that are condemned? 

8. What are some of the chief virtues that are commended ? 

7. To what town in northern Israel did the maiden in the 
Song of Solomon probably belong? See Narrative. 

8. What is the theme of the Song? 

STUDY XVm. — Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Prov. xxxi, 29. 
Eead Prov. xxxi, 10-31. A part of the great debt 
which woman owes to Hebrew thought for her present 
freedom and honor is created by these lines. 

Personal Thought. 

"I love them that love me; and those that seek me 
diligently shall find me." (Prov. viii, 17.) 

'* Early" is now in the margin, and stood in this verse 
where " diligently" now stands. But it does not matter. 
Whoever is going to seek true wisdom diligently must 
seek it early. The years from twelve to eighteen cover 
most of the conversions. 

Have I sought — early — diligently — and have I so 
sought as to find a genuine Christian experience ? 



PART VI.— NINETEENTH VTEEK. 
JOB AND ECCLESIASTES. 



STUDY XIX.— First Day. Memory Verse, Job i, 21. 

Read Job i. 

Narrative. 

Two of the wisdom-books of the Old Testament, most "aii Men's 
profound and involved in their teachings and most diffi- ^^^'" 
cult to explain, are considered in the present lesson. 
The first of these is Job, which is one of the great books 
of the Bible. It is a book to stir to their depths men of 
genius and thought, like Carlyle, Froude, and Goethe, 
and inspire them to produce some of their best writings, 
Carlyle called it "all men's book;" and while the people 
of the present day do not get as much out of it as did 
those of former times, it will repay all the effort made to 
gain a knowledge of it. If the definition of it which is 
preferred by Professor Davison is put into simple phrase, 
it may read, ''a poem aimed to teach truth, in dialogue 
form, and worked out in a dramatic way." 

The Book of Job is then a Hebrew poem. A prose structure. 
introduction called the prologue, gives the important 
facts, and explains why the afflictions come to Job, 
and there is a prose conclusion or epilogue. Most of 
the poem is in the form of a dialogue, with long speeches 
by the three friends, Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar, and 
Job's replies. But first Job utters a bitter cry in 
chapter iii, and in the third round of speeches, when 
Zophar does not respond, it is a sign that the friends 
are beaten ; and Job follows with a long speech or mono- 
log ae, covering chapters xxvi — xxxi. Then Elihu, a 

151 



152 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Supreme 
Message. 



The Man and 
the Writing. 



Location 
of Uz. 



Olst of 

Ecdesiastes. 



young onlooker, intervenes in an argument, extending 
througli six chapters. Finally, God is represented as 
speaking, through five chapters; and Job declares his 
un worthiness and submission.^ The epilogue shows his 
acceptance, and restoration to double his former prop- 
erty, with long life added. 

The supreme truth of it all is, that a good man, like 
Job, can patiently endure the greatest losses and trials 
and maintain his disinterested fidelity to God ; and that 
the ancient view, that affliction is a proof of transgres- 
sion, is wrong. It does not fully solve the problem of 
suffering, because the writer had not a sufficient disclos- 
ure of the future life to make use of it; but it does 
practically solve the problem to the good man who sees 
God, and can then trustfully submit all to him. 

It is generally held that Job was a historic person, 
living probably long before the book was written, as he 
is mentioned by Ezekiel,^ along with Noah and Daniel, 
and that the simple story of his afflictions had come down 
by tradition. This was developed by an unknown writer, 
either during the exile, or not long before or after that 
time.^ 

Uz, the country in which Job lived (Job i, 1), is 
located east of the Jordan Valley, either in some region 
of the south bordering on the Desert, or to the north 
toward Mt. Hermon.* 

Ecdesiastes is the name in the Septuagint, or Greek 
version, for the Hebrew Kolieleth. The English term, 
"The Preacher," or, as some would put it, '^The Ideal 
Teacher," may be as good a rendering of it as can be 



1 "Job's repentance is not to be referred to some definite error or 
event in which he has been proved wrong , it is due to that feeling of 
earthly impurity which can not but rise when the heart is laid bare 
before infinite Holiness." Genung, The Epic of the Inner Life, 348. 

2Bzek, xiv, 14; Driver, Introduction, 411. 

3 Davison, (Wis. Lit.), 47, 48, and m Hast. Bib. Diet., It 669-671; 
Beardslee, 160, 161; Davidson (Job), Ixvii. Genung, The Epic of the 
Inner Life, 102-114. on the basis of JoD. xii, xili, 1. and xv. 17-19, would 
place its composition in the time of Hezeklah 

4Davidson (Job), 1; Hast. Bib. Diet., art, -'Uz.' See Map 14. 



Singers and Wisdom Writers. 153 

made. The book for which it stands plainly shows that 
it was written by one who had passed through varied 
experiences. Yet he seems to have been saddened by his 
keen perception of the evil side of life and the world, 
and the difficulty of effecting any worthy or permanent 
good results. " The hearts of the sons of men are full of 
evil." "Consider the work of God: for who can make 
that straight, which he hath made crooked ? In the day 
of prosperity be joyful, and in the day of adversity con- 
sider ; yea, God hath made the one side by side with the 
other." "What profit hath he that worketh in that 
wherein helaboreth?" "All things come alike to all."^ 
But through and beyond this dark outlook the author 
holds to his faith, though it is nowhere a joyful and 
triumphant faith, and he says, "Surely I know that it 
shall be well with them that fear God." "Fear God, and 
keep his commandments; for this is the whole duty of 
man."® 

"While the earlier view that it was written by Solomon Author < 
is still held by a few, Beardslee saye : * * The structure of ^^^* 
the book shows that the writer gathers his statements 
around Solomon as a representative man, thereby giving 
the force of a concrete example to his teachings, without 
intending to claim that the writer was himself Solomon," 
and he dates it between 400 and 250 B. C 



"Where shall wisdom be found? and where is 
the place of understanding? . . . The depth saith, 
It is not in me: and the sea saith, It is not with me. 
It can not be gotten for gold, neither shall silver be 
weighed for the price thereof . . . The gold and 
the crystal can not equal it : and the exchange of it 
shall not be for jewels of fine gold . . . God under- 



SBccles. IX 3; vli, 18, 14; ill, 9; ix, 2. 
6Eccles, vlll, i2; xll, 13- 
7 Beardslee, 184, 185. 



154 Studies in the Old Testament. 

standeth the way thereof, and he knoweth the place 
thereof . . . and unto man He said, Behold, the 
fear of the Lord, that is wisdom : and to depart from 
evil is understanding.'* 



STUDY XIX. — Second Day. Memory Verse, Job ii, 10. 

Eead Job ii. Of Satan, Professor Genung says: '* He 
lives simply to appease the restlessness of the moment. 
We find him a mocking, detracting, reckless, impudent 
being, observing and criticising all things, yet sympathiz- 
ing with none, caring for no suffering, responding to no 
deep movements of heart. "^ 

Scripture Outline. 

Job: (1) Prologue i, ii; (2) Job's bitter cry, iii; (3) Dia- 
logue with three friends, iv — xxv ; (4) Job's monologue, xxvi — 
xxxi ; (5) Intervention of Ellhu, xxxii — xxxvii ; (6) Appearance 
and address of Jehovah, xxxviii — xli ; (7) Job's submission, xlii, 
1-6 ; (8) Epilogue, xlii, 7-17. 

Ecclesiastes : (1) Theme, searching for the highest good, 1, 
1-11 ; (2) Testing of life and the world, as knowledge, pleasure, 
etc., i, 12 — viii, 15 ; (3) Testing of confidence in God, viii, 16 — 
xii, 7; (4) Conclusion, fear God and keep his commandments, 
xii, 8-14. 

STUDY XIX.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Job iv, 17. 

Eead Job iv. " Like a lonely pillar amidst the build- 
ings of the Syrian city of Baalbek, or like one of the 
massive monoliihs standing apart amidst the magnificent 
ruins of Luxor, is the Book of Job in relation to the other 
"books of the Old Testament."' 

Suggestions for Map Work. 

Outline the entire region of Palestine east of the Jor- 
dan Valley, and make a study of its physical features and 
natural sections, noting any indications of the home of 
Job. See Maps 1, 14, L, in text-book; MacCoun, I, 41- 
46, Maps 10, 41-46; Hurlbut, 28, 30; Smith, 519-530, 
548-553, Physical Sketch Map, p. 51. 

8 Genung, TTie Epic of the Inner Ldfe, 33. 
9 Davison (V^is. Lit.), 20. 



Singers and Wisdom Writers. 155 

STUDY XIX. — Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Job xxviii, 28. 

Eead Job xxviii. This chapter brings out the daring 
accomplishments of men of that time in mining, and then 
compares the quest for metals and jewels with that for 
wisdom. Davison declares it to be " amongst the finest 
passages of all literature." 

General References. 

Blaikie, 86-88 ; Ottley, 206, 24&-251 ; Beardslee, 158-168, 180- 
186 ; Bumey, 8, 15, 19, 86, 104, 121-126, 129 ; Matheson, I, 349- 
369; Davison (Wis. Lit.), 20-105, 211-271. 

STUDY XIX.~-Flfth Day. Memory Verses, Job xxxviii, 31, 32. 
Eead Job xxxviii. On this and the following chapter 
Driver well says: "The first speech of Jehovah tran- 
scends all other descriptions of the wonders of the crea- 
tion or the greatness of the Creator, which are to be found 
either in the Bible or elsewhere. The picturesque illus- 
trations, the choice diction, the splendid imagery, the 
light and rapid movement of the verse, combine to pro- 
duce a whole of incomparable brilliancy and force. "^° 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment In 
Class-work. 

1. God's answer to life's problem. Micah vi, 8 ; Isa. xxvi, 
3, 4 ; Jer. xxxi, 14, 25 ; Ezek. xxxvi, 25-27 ; Isa. liii, 5 ; liv, 11-14 ; 
Psa. xvii, 15 ; Job xlii, 5 ; Eccles. xii, 13 ; Rom. viii, 28. 

2. Spiritual lessons of the Book of Job. Beardslee, 161, 162 ; 
Burney, 124-126 ; Matheson, I, 349-369 ; Davidson, Theology of 
the Old Testament, 466-495 ; Bib. Ency., II, 964, 965. 

3. The influence of the Book of Job in literature. Davison 
(Wis. Lit.), 55-77. 

4. Outlook of the Book of Job on physical science. Job vi, 
5, 16, 17 ; ix, 5-9 ; xiv, 18, 19 ; xxviii, 1-19 ; xxxvi, 27-33 ; xxxviii, 
16-35 ; Blaiki-, 88. 

5. Old Testament reptiles and mammals, other than domes- 
tic animals. ^1 Lev. xi, 5, 6, 26-30 ; Judg. xv, 3 ; 1 Sam. xvii, 34- 
36 ; Jer. xiii, 23 ; Job iv, 10, 11 ; xx, 16 ; xxvi, 13 ; xxx, 29 ; xxxix, 
1-12; xl, 15— xli ; Song of Sol. ii, 15, 17 ; Bib. Diet. 

10 Driver, Introduction, 427. 

n On domestic animals in tim^e of Judges, see Study IX, Fifth Day, 
Topic 6. 



156 Studies in the Old Testament. 

6. Short, imaginative biography of the author of Eccle- 
siastes, supposing he is not Solomon. As an example, see out- 
line of that by Plumptre, in Davison (Wis. Lit.), 223-225. 

STUDY XIX.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Eccles. ix, 18. 

Read Eccles. ix, 10-18. As the writer of Ecclesiastes 
comes nearer the end of his book he seems to see greater 
value in earnest effort, yet note that he still feels that 
*'time and chance happeneth to all" (vs. 11), and that 
*' one sinner destroyeth much good " (vs. 18). 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. To which division of the Old Testament, in the Hebrew 
Bible, do the wisdom and poetical books belong? See Narra- 
tive, Study XVII. 

2. With what other two classes may " the Wise" in Israel 
be compared? See Narrative, Study XVIII. 

3. Can you briefly describe the Book of Job? 

4. What are the names of Job's three friends? 

5. What other younger man at last took part in the discus- 
sion? 

6. In what general way does God lead Job to a new submis- 
sion and trust? 

7. What is the concluding truth or lesson of the Book of 
Ecclesiastes? 

STUDY XIX. — Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Eccles. xii, 1. 
Eead Eccles. xii. 

Personal Thought. 

*'Eemember also thy Creator in the days of thy 
youth." (Eccles. xii, 1.) 

Have I made this remembrance of God not one of the 
head, but of the heart? And have I duly regarded in 
this remembrance my great debt to him, and what pur- 
poses he may have to fulfill in my life? 



PAET Til. 
HEBREW PROPHETS AND TEACHERS. 

TWENTIETH WEEK. 
ELIJAH AND ELISHA. 



STUDY XX.— First Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xvii, 16. 
Read 1 Kings xvii. 



Narrative. 
The last feature of Hebrew life now to be studied is, Crowning 

Feature of 
the Course. 



in many ways, the most important. Doubtless, it is ^®**"»'® *** 



chiefly through the channel of the prophets that the 
religious spirit and truths of the Hebrew people have 
flowed forth to all the world. 

As Kirkpatrick says, the prophet was not so much a a 
foreteller as a forthteller, a speaker for God to men. ***"'®°' 
He grasped the lessons of the past; he inspired and 
guided the present; he outlined the future. Everywhere 
he saw the will and working of God, and so he was a 
preacher of righteousness. Often he was so in touch 
with the events of his time, so near to the ruler in the 
authority with which he spoke, and so burdened for the 
welfare of all, that he became a statesman. Yet even 
then his influence was spiritual and religious, and his 
aim was to exalt Jehovah as supreme in the hearts of the 
people and the life of the nation. 

Elijah and Elisha show the work of the earlier proph- Appearance 
ets, who are known more by their deeds and did not leave SJy^h**"^" 
written prophecies. These two belong in the Northern 
Kingdom; and Elijah appears suddenly when the Ten 

157 



IS8 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



B«fore Ahab 
and on 
Carmel. 



Intarvlew of 
Comfort and 
New CommiS' 



Tribes were being led away from God by Baal- worship, 
wHch Jezebel, the heathen wife of King Ahab, had 
introduced. The grand, stern prophet comes from the 
highlands of Gilead, east of the Jordan, and says to the 
king, "As Jehovah, the God of Israel, liveth, . . . 
there shall not be dew nor rain these years, but according 
to my word" (1 King xvii, 1). Then he goes quickly 
back, probably across the Jordan, and hides by the brook 
Cherith, where he is fed by ravens bringing food, and 
drinks from the brook. When the brook dries up, he is 
sent away to the northwest, and finds a lodging-place in 
the home of a widow of Zarephath. Here the meal and 
oil are replenished as fast as they are used, so that the 
prophet and the widow and her son are sustained during 
the remainder of the famine. 1 Kings xvii. 

In the third year from the time that he first appeared 
before Ahab,^ he comes again, having first announced, 
through Obadiah, a court official, that he could be found, 
for the king had sought him far and wide. At the meet- 
ing, Ahab accuses him of troubling Israel. Elijah retorts 
that it is the king who is the real troubler, by maintain- 
' ing the Baal shrines ; and he arranges that there shall be 
a test as to who is the true God, before a representative 
assembly of the people, on Mt. Carmel. The prophet^s 
grandeur shines out in this memorable contest. The 
four hundred and fifty prophets of Baal utterly fail to 
gain a sign from their god, but at the simple prayer of 
Elijah, the fire from heaven consumes his sacrifice and 
even the altar, and licks up the water he has poured over 
all. Jehovah is again acknowleged by the people, in 
word, at least; and the prophets of Baal are slain. 
Then, at Elijah's word, after his earnest prayer, the 
longed-for rain comes. 1 Kings xviii. 

But Jezebel is furious, and the prophet flees to Mt. 
Horeb or Sinai. In his dejection, because his work seems 
to be a failure as far as fully reforming the nation, God 



iMacIntyre, 22. 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 159 

shows him by the "still small voice" (1 Kings xix, 12'), 
following signs of violence, that the process of reform 
must be gradual and by less dramatic means. Elisha is 
to be anointed as his successor; Hazael, king over Syria; 
Jehu, king over Israel. The cause is not lost: an ideal 
remnant, even seven thousand, will remain true to Grod 
in Israel. The first part of the commission is at once 
performed, and Elisha leaves the plow to follow the great 
prophet. 1 Kings xix. 

Elijah^s further prophetic acts were chiefly the re- ciosiag Acts 
luke of Ahab for the death of Naboth and seizing of his "°'*'^**~*''"^ 
vineyard; announcement of judgments on the king and 
his house ; and reproof of Ahaziah, son and successor of 
Ahab, and prediction of his death. Then came the final 
scenes of dividing the Jordan, when Elijah and Elisha 
passed over, and of the prophet's translation by the chariot 
and horses of fire. 1 Kings xxi, 17-29 ; 2 Kings i, ii, 1-12. 

Elisha presents a less stirring and heroic career, yetEiuhtfs 
he nobly continued in his own way the great ref orm ""'f^"'^* 
movement which Elijah had begun. His miraculous acts 
are related more fully to the quiet scenes of the homes of 
the people and the communities of the prophets: such 
as multiplying the oil of the widow, to pay her debt; 
bringing to life the little son of the Shunammite woman ; 
changing the poisonous pottage of the sons of the proph- 
ets; and healing Naaman, the Syrian captain, of his 
leprosy. 2 Kings iv, v. 

In his larger services to the nation, he gave counsel to senrieu t» 
King Jehoram, the brother of Ahaziah, concerning the**^^"""°' 
war with Mesha of Moab, yet more for the sake of 
Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, who was then in league with 
Israel; and he especially helped in the wars of the 
Northern Kingdom with Syria. The time then came when 
he completed the commission given to Elijah at Horeb, 
by the anointing of Hazael king over Syria, and Jehu king 
over Israel. The age was one of violence, and both of 
these new monarchs obtained their kingdoms by bringing 



i6o Studies in the Old Testament. 

about the death of their respective kings. Jehu's work of 
slaughter was much wider, for it included Jezebel; the 
whole house of Ahab ; Ahaziah, king of Judah, and forty- 
two of his brethren who were caught in the kingdom of 
Israel; and all the followers of Baal. Many years of 
Elisha pass by without record, and finally, in the reign 
of Joash, the grandson of Jehu, occur the interview with 
the young king and the death of the aged prophet. 2 
Kings iii, vi — x, xiii. 
Period of tho The prophetic service of Elijah and Elisha together 
two Prophets. ^Q^gj. ^-^^ period from about 860 to 797 B. C, the depart- 
ure of Elijah occurring about 852 B. C. 



"Where there is no vision, the people perish." 
The preservation of the higher ideals is essential to 
the perpetuity of any nation, to the perpetuity of 
our ow^n nation. The propagation and exaltation 
of these ideals is the distinctive work of the 
prophet. Prophecy has as important a function to- 
day as it ever had. ** Would God that all the Lord's 
people were prophets!" 



STUDY XX. — Second Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings, xviii, 21. 

Eead 1 Kings xviii, 1-24. It will be seen that Jezebel 
is the real promoter of Baal-worship, and that Ahab, in 
view of his retention of Obadiah over his household, is 
open to influences on the side of Jehovah's cause. Yet, 
since he is merely political in his action, he is without 
convictions, and can be swayed in any direction by a 
stronger force. 

Scripture Outline. 

(1) Life of Elijah, 1 Kings xvii, 1—2 Kings ii, 15. 

(2) Life of Elisha, 1 Kings xix, 16—2 Kings xiii, 21. 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. i6i 

STUDY XX. — Third Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xviii, 44. 

Eead 1 Kings xviii, 25-46. "The figure of Elijah, 
standing as a great rock against the drift of heathenism, 
impressed itself upon the imagination of later genera- 
tions, and became a restraining conscience."* 

Suggestions for Map Work. 

Make a map of Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula, 
and mark the main journeys of Elijah, locating Ramoth- 
gilead, the brook Cherith, Abel-meholah, Zarephath, 
Mt. Oarmel, Jezreel, Samaria, Mt. Horeb, Bethel, and 
Jericho. See Maps 1, 2, 14, in text-book ; MacOoun, II, 
Maps 73 and 90|. 

STUDY XX.--Fourth Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xix, 18. 

Read 1 Kings xix. Perhaps the best view of the 
*' seven thousand" Israelites true to God, mentioned in 
the Memory Verse, is that it is a symbolical number for 
the faithful remnant of the nation that will be found in 
the future. The R. V. reads, " Yet will I leave me seven 
thousand," which seems to point to the future. 

General References. 

Blaikie, 276-291 ; Ottley, 166-178 ; Barnicott, 97-108 ; Beards- 
lee, 65, 66; Burney, 16, 17, 29, 39-43, 86, 87, 112; Matheson, I, 
304-848 ; W. B. 117-125 ; Brown, 83-116 ; Maclntyre, entire. 

STUDY XX.--Fifth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings ii, 9. 

Read 2 Kings ii. One main part of Elijah's work was 
to create a disciple like Elisha. It was something new 
in the Old Testament, and prepared Elisha rightly to lead 
the schools of the prophets. 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment In 
Class-work. 

1. God's varied instruments for revealing and performing 
his will. Gen. vii, 1; xii, 1; xxviii, 13; xli, 16; Ex. iii, 10; 
Judges iv, 4, 6; xvi, 1; 1 Kings xix, 11, 12, 15, 16; Isa. vi, 8; 
Am. iii, 7 ; vi, 15 ; Jonah i, 1,2; Gal. i, 15, 16. 

2 Maclntyre, 32. 
11 



i62 Studies in the Old Testament. 

2. The strength and weakness in Elijah's character and 
method. Blaikie, 285 ; Matheson, I, 304-323. 

3. A study of Baal- worship. Blaikie, 276-278 ; Ottley, 166 ; 
Bible Diet. 

4. Mt. Carmel. Blaikie, 278; Calkin, 32; Smith, 337-341. 

5. Elisha's points of likeness and difference as compared 
with Elijah. Burney, 86 ; Maclntyre, 67-69. 

6. The schools of the prophets and their influence. Blaikie, 
224,283-285; Ottley, 124, 171,172; Burney, 87; Pater8on,61,62; 
Salmond, 76-80. 

STUDY XX.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings v, 13. 

Eead 2 Kings v. "One of the sweetest of Bible 
stories, whether for child or man, is that of the proud 
Syrian captain and the little Hebrew maiden."* Mr. 
Moody well says, " How often has the finger of childhood 
pointed grown-up persons in the right direction ?" 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. What is the real idea in the work of a prophet? See 
Narrative. 

2. Did Elijah and Elisha leave written prophecies? 

3. Against what great evil in Israel did Elijah strive ? 

4. Where were his places of sojourn during the famine ? 

5. What great lesson did he learn at Mt. Horeb ? 

6. What two men were called to kingly authority through 
Elisha? 

7. Can you name three of the miracles ©f Elisha? 

STUDY XX.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings vi, 17. 
Head 2 Kings vi, 8-17. 

Personal Thought. 

'*And he saw: and behold, the mountain was full of 
horses and chariots of fire round about Elisha." (2 Kings 
vi, 17.) 

Have your eyes been opened to see the Divine forces 
on the side of right, and does the vision make you strong? 

4 Qreenhough, in W. B., 117, 118. 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 163 




PART VII.— TVTBNTY-FIRST "WEEK. 
AMOS AND HOSEA. 



STUDY XXI. — First Day. Memory Verse, Amos iii, 3. 
Read Amos i, 1 ; iii, 1-8. 

Narrative. 
The Former In the Hebrew Bible, the books of Joshua, Judges, 

Pro *het8^*^^' Samuel, and Kings are called the Former Prophets, which 
shows that they are not merely history, but are meant to 
teach lessons of Grod's ways of dealing with his people. 
Then Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and all the Minor 
Prophets, counted as one book and known as the Book 
of the Twelve Prophets, make up the Latter Prophets. 
It is these wonderful writings, together with the books 
of Lamentations and Daniel from the third division of 
the Hebrew Bible, that now remain to be examined. 
AGreatReiig- The present lesson takes up two writers, Amos and 
ious Bra. Hosea, almost always studied together, because they both 
prophesied in the Northern Kingdom, and at nearly the 
same time. These two prophets, perhaps the first of the 
literary prophets, or those who reduced their utterances 
to writing, may be said to have begun a new era in the 
religious life of the world. The start is here made of 
that great stream of spiritual thought and feeling about 
God and man's relation to him that has come straight 
down to the present time. Elijah and Elisha are men 
really far removed from the spirit of the twentieth cen- 
tury; but Amos and Hosea might be preachers in LoTidon 
or New York to-day and not be out of place. Hear 
Amos, as he speaks for Jehovah: *'I will take no delight 

164 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 165 

in your solemn assemblies . . . woe unto them that 
are at ease in Zion . . . that lie upon beds of ivory, 
and stretch themselves upon their couches, that sing idle 
songs to the sound of the viol, that invent for themselves 
instruments of music . . . that eat lambs out of the 
flock and calves out of the stall, that drink wine in 
bowls ... ye trample upon the poor. . . . Hate 
the evil, and love the good, and establish justice. . . . 
Let justice roll down as waters, and righteousness as a 
mighty stream" (Amos v, vi). Hosea also says, " There 
is naught but swearing and breaking faith, and killing, 
and stealing, and committing adultery. . . . Turn to 
thy God: keep kindness and justice. ... I drew 
them with bands of love. ... I will love them 
freely."^ These men belong to the modern world, because 
their ideas are modern. The great key-word for Amos is 
righteousness, and for Hosea, love, or lovingkindness ; 
and they meant by these just what a Christian thinker 
and reformer would mean to-day. The sins of their 
time, the problems that pressed upon their hearts, were 
like those of which the pulpit and the platform are 
moved to speak now. 

If the early years are traced of many of the best ood's Nurture 
spiritual leaders of America, Great Britain, or Europe, ®* L«aders. 
it will be found that they come from quiet country 
places, or often from rough pioneer conditions, or they 
have passed through some deep heart-testings, that have 
brought out the finest gold of character. So it may be 
with a Pastor Charles Wagner, a Campbell Morgan, a 
Jacob Eiis ; and so it was with Amos and Hosea. 

Amos was a man of Tekoa, a town of Judah, ^about The Brave 
six miles south of Bethlehem. He was a herdsman, and pH^^^^ 
gatherer or ** dresser" of the fruit of the sycomore-tree Tekoa. 
(Amos vii, 15). This is described as *'a harsh fig, only 
eaten by very poor people, which needed to be pinched 
to ripen." His flock of sheep also were of a curious 

1 Hosea Iv, 2; xU, 6; xl, 4; xiv, 4. 



1 66 Studies in the Old Testament. 

breed, as the name indicates: ugly, short in the face, 
but yielding excellent wool.^ From these meager sur- 
roundings in the bleak, rocky hill-country of Judah, 
Amos, under the call of God, went to Bethel, the relig- 
ious capital of the Northern Kingdom. It would be an 
tmusual thing to see a humble shepherd from the edge 
of the wilderness of Judah, standing in the proud relig- 
ious center of the rival kingdom of Israel, and proclaim- 
ing such a stern, searching message as that of Amos. 
The high-priest, Amaziah, having charge of the calf- 
worship at Bethel, even sends an accusing report to 
King Jeroboam II about the utterances of Amos, and 
urges the prophet to go back to his own territory and 
prophesy there, but not to prophesy any more at Bethel, 
because it is "the king's sanctuary" and "a royal 
house" (Amos vii, 10-12). How brave then was this soul 
that could stand firmly upon the word of Jehovah, * * Go, 
prophesy unto my people Israel," and faithfully carry out 
his mission! This apparently he did, and probably 
afterward returned to Tekoa, where he wrote out his 
prophecy as the book which is now in the Bible. The 
date of his spoken prophecy is about 755 B. C. 
Ho«0a wnid Hosea's prophetic work in Israel comes a little later 

Bvite in Israel, ^j^^j^ that of Amos, and probably covers the years 
from about 750 to 735, B. C.^ He began his public 
service in the last years of Jeroboam II, and his 
later work extends on into the reign of Menahem, or, it 
may be, into that of Pekah. Thus he witnessed, first, the 
evils that came with the prosperity, riches, and luxury 
that abounded in the time of Jeroboam; and, then, the 
the restless disorder, and dissipation that seized the 
people, when, after Jeroboam's long and generally quiet 
reign of forty-one years, two kings, Zachariah and 
Shallum, were assassinated within seven months, and 

2 Men of the Old Testament. (Solomon to Jonah, 1904), 267. 

8 On dates and other points, see Ottley (H. P.), 24, 25; Beardslee 
95; Klrkpatrick, 92, 98; Smith, The Book of the Twelve Prophets, I, 66' 
150, 218; N. C. B., (Minor Prophets), I, 10. 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 167 

Menahem, gaining the throne by slaughter, held it by 
becoming the vassal of Assyria. 

But far more than these outward revolutions, the nia Home 
tragedy in his own home unfolds the character of Hosea, ''''■k***^- 
for it is thought that his wife, the mother of his three 
children, became unfaithful, and then went on in her 
wretched course till she became a slave, and that the 
prophet, in unparalleled love and tenderness, bought her 
and took her back. Through his own experience, he 
sees religious truth in a new light; and he shows that 
God loves his people with the warmth and devotion of a 
husband. But the feasting, drunkenness, and gross im- 
morality that went on in Israel at that time under the 
name of the worship of Jehovah, he points out is no 
better than Baal-worship, for, like that, it is simply 
pleasure- worship. Israel, in following it,. has become an 
unfaithful wife, but God in his love would win her back. 
Thus Hosea pictures the love of God with a tenderness 
and compassion not found in any other Old Testament 
writer. 



Baxter, nearer to our times than ^vere Amos and 
Hosea, gives voice to their high purpose in familiar 
but flaming words: 

•* I preached, as never sure to preach again, 
And as a dying man to dying men." 



STUDY XXI. — Second Day. Memory Verse, Amos v, 24. 

Bead Amos v, 21-27. Says Dr. George Adam Smith, 
** The Book of Amos opens one of the greatest stages in 
the religious development of mankind." Not ritual, but 
right conduct is what God now asks through the prophet. 

Scripture Outline. 

Amos: (1) The great accusation, i, ii ; (2) Israel's sin and 
punishment, Hi — vi ; (3) Five visions of Judgments, with inter- 
ludes, vii — ix. 



1 68 Studies in the Old Testament. 

Hosea: (1) The prophet's domestic experiences reflecting 
the relations between God and Israel, i — iii; (2) Prophetic 
teachings after King Jeroboam's death, iv — xiv. 

STUDY XXI.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Amos vi, 1 (first 

clause) . 

Eead Amos yi, 1-7. The searching words of the 
prophet jn the Memory clause, '*Woe to them that are at 
ease in Zion," and then his many points showing how 
the people gave themselves up to self-indulgence, should 
lead now to very close inspection of one^s life by every 
Christian. 

Suggestions for Map Work. 

Make a map of Central Palestine, and locate Tekoa, 
Jerusalem, and Bethel; and mark the course of Amos 
from Tekoa to Bethel and return. See Map 14 in text- 
book; Blaikie, Map 8; MacCoun, II, 54, 55, and Map 96. 

STUDY XXI.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Amos vii, 15. 

Eead Amos vii, 10-17. The prophet here, with noble 
frankness and dignity, states to Amaziah the simple life 
from which he comes (vs. 14, 15), — an earlier scene of 
man or prophet before priestly accuser, like Christ before 
Annas (John xx, 19-23), or Luther before a later 
tribunal. 

General References. 

Blaikie, 295, 298; Ottley, 183-190; Bamicott, 129-131; 
Beardslee, 95-99, 103-107; Bm-ney, 6, 25, 28, 46, 49, 70-100; 
Ottley (H. P.), 17-30; Kirkpatrick, 81-142.^ 

STUDY XXI.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Hosea ii, 19. 

Read Hosea ii, 16-20. Hosea was doubtless a native of 
the Northern Kingdom, where he prophesied, and he 
therefore ever speaks of his people with deep sympathy. 
He here represents God as saying that Israel will no more 
call Him *'Baali," which means "My Master," but 
"Ishi," **My Husband" (vs. 16). Then, in verse 19, 



i 

4 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 169 

after the words "righteousness" and "justice," which 
are the key-notes of Amos, he uses "lovingkindness" 
and "mercies," which are the key-notes of his own pro- 
phetic work. 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
CI ass-work. 

1. God uniting judgment and mercy, or righteousness and 
lovingkindness. Gen. xviii, 24-26; Ex. xv, 11-13; xxxiv, 6, 7; 
Psa. Ixxxv, 10 ; Ixxxix, 14 ; cxix, 75-77 ; Jer. ix, 24 ; Hosea, ii, 
19 ; Amos v, 15. 

2. Amos, a simple, rugged prophet, like John the Baptist. 
Beardslee, 104-107; Burney, 87, 89; Ottley (H. P.), 20, 21; 
Adams, 27-29; N. C. B. (Minor Prophets), I, 119, 120. 

3. A study of shepherd life, especially in the wilderness of 
Judea. Kirkpatrick, 90, 92; Smith, 311, 315, and his Book of the 
Twelve Prophets, 73-88. 

4. Houses of the wealthy in ancient Israel, and their fur- 
nishings. Blaikie, 327 ; Bib. Diet. 

5. A brief imaginative and dramatic sketch of the life-story 
of Hosea. Adams, 34-39 ; Kirkpatrick, 119-128. 

6. Growth in the portrayal of Divine love in the Bible. 
Blaikie, 295, 296; Bumey, 72-74. 

STUDY XXI.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Hosea x, 12. 

Read Hosea xi, 8-11. The Memory Verse contains 
the secret of every true revival. The first verse to be 
read presents one of Hosea^s most touching illustrations. 
"Nothing can be more plaintive or affecting than this 
passage, where God is represented as not knowing how 
he shall be able to execute on Ephraim the fierceness of 
his wrath. "^ 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. What Old Testament books in the Hebrew Bible are 
counted as the Former Prophets? See Narrative. 

2. Which are knoM^n as the Latter Prophets? 

3. Why are Amos and Hosea usually placed together? 

4. Of which Kingdom vras Amos a native? 

5. Where did he deliver his prophecy? 

6. What is his key-vrord? 

7. What is the key-word of Hosea? 
SBlatkie, 296. 



170 Studies in the Old Testament. 

STUDY XXI.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Hosea xiv, 8. 

Read Hosea xiv, 4-9. On the words, " H^e shall . . . 
cast forth his roots like Lebanon" (vs. 5), Dr. Horton 
says (jS". C. B.): *'To be like this deep-rooted, steadfast, 
far-seen, and much-loved mountain were better than to 
be like the fairest of its flowers and the stateliest of its 
trees." 

Personal Thought. 

" Seek good, . . . and so Jehovah will be with 
you." (Amos v, 14.) 

"I desire goodness, and not sacrifice." (Hosea 
Ti, 6.) 

What is the spirit of my Christian life ? Am I satis- 
fied with Church membership, attendance at public serv- 
ices, and other external duties ? Or is my heart genuinely 
enlisted in being good? 



PART VII.— TWENTY-SECOND "WEEK. 

MICAH AND ISAIAH. 

STUDY XXIL—First Day. Memory Verse, Micah iv, 3. 
Read Micah iv, 1-5. 

Narrative. 
As the two prophets, Amos and Hosea, in the North- Kindred 
ern Kingdom, have been shown in the last lesson to f*'*?***** 

° In Jutlah. 

belong together, so two prophets in the Southern King- 
dom, Micah and Isaiah, are found to be even more closely 
united in date and in the spirit of their work. 

Of these two, Micah is to be thought of as the younger a seer from 
man, and far more humble in his birth and place of resi-***®****^**®'**** 
dence. He is called '* The Morashtite," and was thus 
a plain countryman, a native of the little village of 
Moresheth-gath in the Shephelah, or low hills, about 
twenty miles southwest of Jerusalem. His prophecy is 
placed "in the days of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, 
kings of Judah," and as being concerned with " Samaria 
and Jerusalem," which would mean that it had in view 
both Israel and Judah, but probably related chiefly to 
the latter kingdom. Micah i, 1, 14. 

Micah's prophecy against Samaria, which is suggested Fatefai Hours 
in the first chapter, was probably given about the time of ^^'^j^^*^, 
the fall of the Northern Kingdom in 722 B. C When* 
Samaria's fate showed how truly his words had been 
Divinely directed, it may have lent all the more force to 
his utterances concerning Judah. Kirkpatrick says: 
"We may imagine him appearing in the temple courts, 
upon some public occasion of fast or festival, when the 
people from every part of Judah were assembled at 

1 Smith, The Booh of the Twelve Prophets, I, 362; N. C. B. (Minor 
Prophets), I, 221. 

171 



172 Studies in the Old Testament. 



Mlcah Inspir- 
ing Reform. 



Jerusalem, and there, in the presence of king, priests, 
and people, delivering his message. We can picture the 
amazement, succeeded by fury, with which venal judges 
and corrupt priests and hireling prophets listened to the 
words of one whom, no doubt, they branded as a fanatic 
enthusiast."^ 

But Jeremiah's record (Jer.xxvi, 17-19) shows that 
Micah, the humble villager, by his bold and faithful 
words inspired King Hezekiah's great reform.^ Very 
searching are his prophecies against the oppression and 
ruin of the poor peasantry by the rich landowners, who 
add farm to farm, and house to house; and he declares 
that God will overwhelm in darkness the false prophets or 
preachers who side with these heartless devourers of the 
people. He shows that, through exactions, the leaders 
are even building up Zion " with blood " and Jerusalem 
"with iniquity," and that Zion, therefore, for their sake, 
" shall be plowed as a field, and Jerusalem shall become 
heaps." Micah ii, iii. 

But beyond these and other Divine judgments, Micah 
sees and declares grand steps of future redemption. 
" The mountain of Jehovah's house shall be established 
on the top of the mountains;" that is, in the most 
exalted way in the Jewish capital, and then many 
nations shall come, seeking for spiritual life and light, 
" for out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of 
Jehovah from Jerusalem;" and having accepted God's 
gracious decision and come into concord, *'they shall 
beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into 
pruning-hooks " (Micah iv, 1-4). Other assurances of 
Divine regard and care fill the last chapters. 

Still more distinctly and wonderfully does Micah 

Coming Glory, ppopj^esy of a coming Eedeemer. " But thou Bethlehem 

Ephrathah, which art little to be among the thousands of 

Judah, out of these shall one come forth unto me that is 



Outlooks of 
Redemption 
and Peace. 



Bethlehem's 



2 Kirkpatrick, 209. See, also, N. C. B. (Minor Prophets), I, 225. 
sottley, 197; Hast. Bib. Diet., art. "Hezeklah." 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 173 

to be ruler in Israel. . . . JSTow shall lie be great 
nnto the ends of the earth. And this man shall be our 
peace" (v, 2, 5). Micah iv — vii. 

Micah's ministry touches the reigns of the three kings isaiah. Prince 
named at the beginning of this Study, and covers prob- «"»<>"« Proph- 
ably about thirty-five years. The career of Isaiah, the 
greatest of the Old Testament prophets, began in the 
reign of XJzziah; but as the chronology seems to require 
a co-regency, the public work of Isaiah may not have 
opened much earlier than that of Micah, though it may 
have run later. If the dates for Micah's work are, per- 
haps, about 736 to 700 B. C, those of Isaiah's maybe 
about 738 to 698 B. C.'* Also, in contrast with Micah, 
Isaiah is a man of high birth and station, a native of 
Jerusalem, a statesman in touch with kings and nobles, 
an orator, poet, and theologian.^ 

But in their prophetic ideals the two men are kindred 5ociai ideals 
spirits. Isaiah, equally with Micah, has a noble zeal for dJJ*^!!^*^ 
social reform ; and he is not afraid of any person or class 
that stands in the way of it, whether king or priests or 
nobles or elders or landholders or proud, drunken rioters 
or great ladies of Jerusalem, with the amazing array of 
their items of dress and luxury. Isa. i — v. 

He has splendid visions of the majesty and holiness of The Savioff 
God; of the saving remnant that is to be sifted out and *^*"""^ ""'*.. 

° " Immanucl. 

developed into the true Israel of the future; of the 
representative of Jehovah's redeeming power and salva- 
tion, coming as a child, "Immanuel," . . . "Won- 
derful, Counsellor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, 
Prince of Peace." Isa. vi — xii. 

Then as a watchman and statesman, viewing the statewnan 
movements of the peoples and nations, and standing '-^^^'^'^^p- 
heroically for the deliverance of Jerusalem through the 



4 Isa. i, 1; Ottley (H. P.), 80, 88; Kirkpatrick, 533; Driver (Isa.), 
13-17, 66-83, 106; Smith, The Book of the Twelve Propliets, I, 362-367; and 
The Book of Isaiah, I, x— xli, 453, 454. 

6 Driver (Isa.), 1-4, 107-116; Kirkpatrick, 144-147. 



Chapters. 



174 Studies in the Old Testament. 

great seasons of peril from Assyria, the prophet rises to 
unexampled heights of leadership, both for his country 
and mankind. Isa. xiii — xxiii, xxviii — xxxix. 
Later Many scholars, who are careful and reverent in their 

relation to the Bible, regard it as probable that chapters 
xl — ^Ixvi of the Book of Isaiah were written by a remark- 
ably sensitive and spiritual prophet, toward the close of 
the exile, and that in some way this work, among the 
most precious and inspired portions of the entire Scrip- 
tures, came to be joined with the prophecies of Isaiah. 
In their view, the circumstance that the name of the 
author has been lost in no way lessens the inspiration and 
authority of this great prophecy. Isa. xl — Ixvi. 



" Speaking the truth in love." This is the true 
model for him w^ho speaks in behalf of God, — to the 
end of time. 



STUDY XXII. — Second Day. Memory Verse, Micah vi, 8. 

Eead Micah v, 2-5; vi, 6-8. On the Memory Verse, 
Kirkpatrick observes: "In this simple but comprehen- 
sive summary of man's duty to his neighbor and to God, 
Micah takes up and combines the teaching of his prede- 
cessors and his great contemporary. Amos had insisted 
upon the paramount necessity of civil justice : Hosea had 
complained that it was not sacrifice, but lovingkindness 
that God desired: one of the prominent doctrines of 
Isaiah was the majesty of Jehovah, to which reverent 
humility on man's part is the fitting correlative."* 

Scripture Outline. 

Micah : (1) Prophetic threatenings, i — iii ; (2) Future res- 
toration, iv, v; (3) God's true standards, vi, vii. 

Isaiah: (1) Sins of the chosen people, and Divine steps for 
salvation, i — xii ; (2) Oracles on foreign nations, xiii — xxiii ; 

6 Kirkpatrick, 226, 227. 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 175 



(3) Tribulation and redemption, xxiv— xxvii ; (4) Warnings 
and deliverance, xxviii — xxxix; (5) Comfort and restoration^ 
xl— Ixvi. 

STUDY XXII.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Isa. v, 4. 

Eead Isa. v, 1-12. After the touching parable of the 
vineyard, the prophet shows two chief forms of Israel's 
failure — the land-sin and the drink-sin. In every age, 
they are the dangers in times of prosperity. 



BETH-LE 
APHRAH? 

Q .' 



Mt.Carmel) <^Pproac/l tO Jerusakm 

MIGROfiJo 
»H RAMAH /oMICHMAS^H 

\\ .L A I S H A H and °?>° GEBA dndj . , , , 

♦^ ' MADMENAH?,S>o GIBEAHof SAUL ^ 



NOBg-^^AN^THOT.^- 
^SHAPHlfi/--6GATH.^''^C„zfB^«USALEM/ | 



ZAANAN^, 

BElTH-EZa/ 
MAROTH?^^^^ 

LACHISH^""' 



'oADULLAM 



IdeUo 



,/^ MORESHETH-GATH / / 

' MARE5HAH / 5\£/l 



Micah 2,S-/S, picturing Assyrian 
approach to tJerusaiem 



Map 17. Assyrian Peru* op Jerusalem. 

Suggestions for Map Work. 

Make a map of the Holy Land, and show the towns 
which mark the stages of Assyrian approach toward Jeru- 
salem, as thought of (1) by Micah i, 9-15; (2) by Isa. x, 
24-34.^ See Map 17 in text-book; MacCoun, II, 54-59. 
and Maps 97-100. 

STUDY XXII.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Isa. ix, 6. 

Read Isa. ix, 1-12. The Syro-Ephraimite league 
against Judah and King Ahaz's faithless attitude about 
it kindle gradually, through chapters vii — ix, Isaiah's 
idea of the Messiah, unfolding from a "child" to the 
"Mighty God'* (Isa. vii, 14-16; ix, 6). 

7 See a fine study of these Usts in Smith, Ths Book of ihe Twelve 
Prophets, I, 375-385. 



176 Studies in the Old Testament. 

General References. 

Blaikie, 316, 817 ; Ottley, 183-186, 193-206 ; Barnicott, 131, 
132; Beardslee, 70-82, 114-117; Burney, 7-26, 70-90, 100-105, 
121; Matheson, II, 265-287; Price, 165-234; Ottley (H. P.), 
30-43; Kirkpatrick, 143-235, 351-410 ; Driver (Isa.), entire. 

STUDY XXM.— Fifth Day. Memory Verses, Isa. xxxvii, 22, 23. 
Read Isa. xxxvii, 21-29. This is one of the sublime 
scenes of faith in the history of the world. Well does 
Ottley say, '*It is unquestionable that, if the existence 
of the kingdom of Judah was prolonged for yet another 
century and a half, this result was mainly due to the 
energy and foresight of Isaiah.'" What a tribute to the 
influence of one man, standing firmly with God! 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Class-work. 

1. God's redeeming sacrifice and constant love. Deut. xv, 
15; 2 Sam. vii, 23; Job xix, 25, 26; Psa. xxxiv, 22; Hosea xi, 
1, 4 ; Micah vi, 4 ; Isa. xliii, 1 ; xlix, 15, 16 ; liii, 5 ; John iii, 16 ; 
Rom. viii, 38, 39. 

2. A study of land tenure among the Hebrews as bearing 
on social problems to-day. McCurdy, History, Prophecy, and the 
Monuments, I, 55; Hast. Bib. Diet., IV, 325, 326; Bib. Ency., 
n, 1049. 

3. The drink evil. Has progress been made against it since 
the times of Micah and Isaiah? Isa. v, 11, 12, 22, 23; Blaikie, 
327. 

4. Sketch an imaginary scene of Isaiah hearing Micah 
prophesy in Jerusalem, and the two men conferring together. 
Kirkpatrick, 207-210; Adams, 41. 

5. A brief analysis of the varied genius of Isaiah. Blaikie, 
316, 317; Ottley, 193, 194; Beardslee, 71; Matheson, II, 268- 
277; Driver (Isa.) 107-116. 

6. Articles of woman's dress, adornment, and luxury in the 
time of Isaiah. Isa. iii, 16-23; Blaikie, 327, 328; Kirkpatrick, 
156. 

7. The Messiah and Servant of Jehovah in the prophecies of 
Micah and Isaiah. Blaikie, 316, 317 ; Beardslee, 76, 117 ; Burney, 
101-105, 112-115; Matheson, H, 277-285. 



8 ottley, 194. 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 177 

STUDY XXII.— Sixth Day. Memory Vei-se, Isa. xl, 1. 

Read Isa. xl. It would be well to commit to memory 
verses 1-17, 27-31, of this wonderful chapter. 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. Why are Micah and Isaiah placed together? See Narra- 
tive. 

2. Can you briefly describe the man, Micah, and his work? 

3. What was his effect on Hezekiah? 

4. What is his special prediction relating to Christ? 

5. About what are the dates for the work of Micah and 
Isaiah? 

6. In what directions does Isaiah show his genius? 

7. What great spiritual ideas are brought out in Isaiah 
xl — Ixvi. 

STUDY XXII. — Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Isa. liii, 5. 

Read Isa. liii. This is, perhaps, the most sacred 
chapter in the Old Testament, because of its lifelike 
picture of the atoning Christ. 

Personal Thought. 

"As one from whom men hide their face he was de- 
spised; and we esteemed him not.^^ (Isa. liii, 3.) 

Am I still despising the Christ and esteeming him 
not, or have I opened the way to him into my will and 
life? 



12 



PART Vn.— TWENTY-THIRD "WEEK. 
JEREMIAH AND EZEKIEL. 



STUDY XXIII.— First Day. Memory Verse, Jer. i, 10. 
Read Jer. i. 

Narrative. 
Two Priest- According to a Jewish tradition given by Josephus^ 

Prophets. Isaiah was put to death in the opening of the reign of 
the wicked Manasseh, son of Hezekiah, by being sawn 
asunder. In any case, his ministry ended probably 
about 697 B. C. Seventy years then pass by before 
another great era of prophetic work begins ; and when it 
dawns, the nation is in the midst of the reign of Josiah, 
and not far from the opening of the reform which he 
sought to accomplish. Again, two notable prophets can 
be linked together, for Ezekiel doubtless knew Jeremiah, 
and can almost be called his disciple.^ Both were priest- 
prophets. 
j«remiah. Jeremiah was the prophet of Judah's fall. His father's 

?^'L?'*B*n'**name was Hilkiah. 'But he is not considered to be the 
Judah's Poll. 

high-priest of that name who found the roll of the law 
in the temple in Josiah's time. The family lived at a 
village, Anathoth, two and one-half miles northeast of 
Jerusalem, and one of those assigned to the sons of 
Aaron. Jeremiah's call came to him in the thirteenth 
year of Josiah's reign (Jer. i, 2). It found him a young 
man of a peculiarly timid and sensitive nature, having 
the most profound and passionate love for his people, 
and yet placed in God's providence where he must be a 
prophet, announcing, during most of his long career, the 
certain doom of his nation, and the destruction of Jeru- 
salem and the temple. Jer. i. 

lOttley (H. p.), 52, 58, 68; Kirkpatrlck, 834; Harvey-JelUe, 15, 16. 

178 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 179 

Like another Paul, he gave up family joys, feeling Compariion 
that God said to him that he was not to take a wife ; ^'**' **""'* 
nor would he, as others, enter into social pleasures (xvi, 
2; XV, 17), but consecrated himself to his one great 
work as a prophet to the nations. In his persecutions 
and tribulations, he also approaches the record of the 
apostle to the Gentiles, and like him he could say at the 
close, '*I have fought the good fight, I have finished the 
course, I have kept the faith " (2 Tim. iv, 7). 

From about 626 to 608 B. C, Jeremiah's prophecies Under Josiah. 
were in the reign of Josiah. It seems strange to find no 
record that he was connected with this king's reform 
movement. Perhaps he was too little known as yet to 
be consulted, or, on his part, the Divine Spirit made it 
clear that any such outward effort could not change the 
hearts of the people. So in his early discourses he faith- 
fully points out the backslidings and evil ways of his 
countrymen, and warns them especially by a terrible 
danger from the north (i, 14; vi, 1, 22, 23). This may 
mean the Scythians, who had swept around Judah not 
long before, or the Chaldeans,' not recognized by him as 
yet by name, but who, after the battle of Carchemish in 
the north in 605 B. C, loomed large in his vision, and 
were named again and again. About 621 B. C, or five 
years after Jeremiah's call, Josiah 's reform came, and 
probably about this time may be placed chapters xi and 
xii of Jeremiah, and it seems that the men of Anathoth 
had turned against the prophet so he had to forsake his 
native place (xi, 18-23). Jer. ii — vi, xi, xii. 

Josiah was slain at the battle of Megiddo, 608 B. C, Under 
and Jehoahaz was sent by Pharaoh Necho to Egypt, who 
then placed Jehoiakim on the throne. He it was who 
cut the prophetic roll of Jeremiah, consisting of about 
the first twenty chapters of the present book, into pieces, 



2 This is the term used by the prophets, as Isaiah, Jeremiah, Eze- 
klel, Habakkuk, for the New Babylonian or Chaldean Empire, the 
power of which was established chiefly by Nebuchadnezzar. 



i8o Studies in the Old Testament. 



Toward and 
during the 
Siege. 



Jeremiah's 
Closing Days. 



and burned them. Because of his utterances about 
Jerusalem and the temple, the prophet was assailed by 
the false prophets and priests, but the people and princes 
were won to his side (vii, xxvi). Yet, as he continued 
to present his message in more and more pointed form 
and symbol, the crisis was reached when he was seized, 
scourged with thirty-nine stripes, and put in the stocks 
all* day and night. But now the westward advances of 
Babylon began to vindicate the prophet. Jer. vii, xxvi, 



Vlll- 



Boellof 
Lamantatloos, 



-X, xiii — xxi, xxv, xxxv, xxxvi, xlv — ^li. 



Jehoiakim, the base king, probably perished in 597 
B. C, according to the word of Jeremiah. In the same 
year, after reigning three months, Jehoiachin was de- 
posed by Nebuchadnezzar and taken to Babylon, together 
with ten thousand (male) captives of Judah, among them 
Ezekiel. The weak and troubled reign of Zedekiah cov- 
ered the last stage of Judah's history before the fall of 
the capital in 586 B. 0. Jeremiah earnestly sought the 
good of his people, both in Palestine and Babylon, during 
these years. This period brought insult from the false 
prophet, Hananiah, but also his speedy death. Thea 
came Jeremiah's final imprisonments in dungeon, slimy 
pit, and guards' court during the siege. Jer. xxii, 20 — 
xxiv; xxvi — xxxiv; xxxvii — xxxix, 10; Hi. 

After the fall of Jerusalem, Jeremiah was set at 
liberty by Nebuchadnezzar, but a remnant of the Jews 
soon carried him down to Egypt. Even there he still 
bore faithful testimony for God among the exiles of his 
race, and tradition says that, like Stephen, whom he 
somewhat resembles in character, he was stoned to death, 
perhaps about 580 B. C.^ Jer. xxxix, 11 — xliv. 

The Book of Lamentations is placed in the Hebrew 
•Bible among the Writings, and only in the Septuagint 
inscription is it assigned to Jeremiah. While it is not 
certain that the five sad poems which form its chapters, 
and which are written in the elegiac or Kinah measure. 



SBobsou, 73. 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. i8i 

are from the pen of Jeremiah, they can be associated 
with this period of the fall of Jerusalem and the exile. 
Lam. i — v. 

Ezekiel was the prophet of the Exile. Erom hisEzekiei. 
prophecy it can be learned that he was a priest, the son ^^^'^j^J* 
of Buzi; that he dwelt among the captives at a village 
called Telabib, on the river or canal Chebar, near 
Nippur ; and that in the ninth year of his exile, his wife, 
**the desire of his eyes," died.* Scarcely any other per- 
sonal items are known of the prophet, but, from the date 
of his latest prophecy (xxix, 17), it is evident that his 
service continued until 570 B. C.^ 

More fully than the older prophets, owing to thePreaciwr 
conditions of his life, Ezekiel was a preacher and ""** *^"®*®'' 
pastor, and probably saw the beginnings of synagogue 
worship in his own home, at least for that Jewish com- 
munity.^ The inspiring ideals of his work are the glory, 
name, and holiness of God, and the responsibility of the 
individual soul.' 

He largely uses visions, allegories, parables, andstyi«and 
symbolic actions, and the echoes of his book are dis- }^^*^*"j^*'jjj 
cernible in the apocalypse of John.® Among his most infiaence. 
wonderful passages are; the symbols of the Divine 
glory, in chapter i ; the allegory of the foundling child 
(xvi); sin personal to the sinner (xviii); description of 
Tyre's trade and merchandise (xxvii); the watchman 
(xxxiii) ; the new heart and the indwelling Spirit (xxxvi) ; 
the valley of dry bones (xxxvii) ; and the restored temple, 
land, and city (xl — xlviii). His outlook was on all Israel 
and the nations of that day, and his influence reaches 
through the ages. 



4Ezek. 1, 3; 111, 15; xxlx, 16, 18; Rogers, II, 319. 

6 Klrkpatrlck, 836; Driver, Introduction, 289. 

«Ezek. viil, 1; xlv, 1; xx, 1. 

7Ezek. 1, 28; xxxvl, 22, 23; xvlli, 20. 

8 Kirkpatrlck, 331, 350; Terry, Moses and the Prophets, 102-108. 



i82 Studies in the Old Testament. 

In view of the range of the truths they give, 
Jeremiah and Ezekiel may be caUed morning-stars 
of the gospel dispensation. 



STUDY XXIII.— Second Day. Memory Verse, Jer. vi, 16 (first 
part). 

Kead Jer. vi, 11-26. The oppressive weight of sym- 
pathy on the heart of the prophet has led many to see in 
him the anticipation of the Christ-spirit. Matheson 
especially gives the key to the sorrow of Jeremiah, in the 
fact that *'he puts himself in the place of God," and 
reflects God's heart-burden over sin. 

Scripture Outline. 

Jeremiah: (1) Earlier work, i — xx; (2) False leaders and 
rulers, and counsels from God, xxi — xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvi, xlv; 
(3) During and after the siege, xxxiv, xxxvii — xliv ; (4) Foreign 
nations, xlvi — li ; (5) Historical appendix, Hi. 

Lamentations : Each of the five chapters forms an elegiac 
poem. 

Ezekiel: (1) Approaching fall of Jerusalem, i— xxiv; (2) 
Foreign nations, xxv — xxxii ; (3) Israel's restoration, xxxiii — 
xlviii. 

STUDY XXIII.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Jer. xxxvi, 28. 

Eead Jer. xxxvi, 14-32. This passage shows with 
what obstacles the prophets had to contend. 

Suggestions for Map Work. 

Make an outline map, and locate some of the main 
communities of the exiles, as at Telabib, near Mppur, 
southeast of Babylon ; and at Migdol, Tahpanhes, Mem- 
phis, in Egypt (Jer. xliv, 1). See Maps 7, 8, 18 in text- 
book; Blaikie, Maps 2, 4; Ottley, Maps 2, 6. 

STUDY XXIII.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Jer. xxxi, 33. 

Eead Jer. xxxi, 31-34. Commit this remarkable pas- 
sage to memory. It shows that to Jeremiah is due the 
very phrase ''New Covenant" or "New Testament" 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 183 




BABYLON 



A R A B I A 



Map 18. Eastern Biblical Field. 

•'(v. 31). "He is closer to the Cross of Christ than any 
pre-Christian man I know."* "In this prophetic ex- 
pectation of a great display of grace, a new epoch in the 
liistory of religion begins."^" 

General References. 

Blaikie, 321-326, 334, 347; Ottley, 207-225; Barnicott, 120- 
123, 131; Beardslee, 82-94, 176-180: Burney, 6, 8, 17-31, 48, 49, 
71-90, 106-126 ; Matheson, II. 288-330 ; Price, 88, 204, 211-213, 
219,239; Ottley (H. P.), 52-70; Kirkpatrick, 291-350 ; Kobson, 
•entire; Harvey- Jellie, entire ; Cobern, 7-239. 

STUDY XXIII— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Ezek. i, 20. 

Read Ezek. i, 1-21. The four cherub figures, with 
their four wings and four faces and their accompanying 
wheels, are to be understood as a great symbol, express- 
ing the wisdom, power, and free activity of God, as seen 
in the Divine throne or chariot. 



9 Matheson, II, 305. 

10 Ottley (H. P.), 61. 



184 Studies in the Old Testament. 

Topics for Personal investigation and for Assignment in 
Class-work. 

1. The work of the Holy Spirit in the Old Testament. Gren. 
i, 2; vi, 3; Ex. xxxi, 3; Num. xi, 26-29; Judg. vi, 34; 1 Sam. 
xvi, 13 ; Psa. 1, 11 ; Isa. xi, 2 ; xliv, 3, 4 ; Ixi, 1-3 ; Ezek. xxxvi,. 
25-27; Joel, ii, 28, 29 ; Zech. iv, 6. 

2. Points in which Jeremiah's heart and experiences sug- 
gest likeness to Christ. Beardslee, 82, 83 ; Matheson, II, 288- 
306; Ottley (H. P.), 59. 

3. Brief word picture of the crisis when King Jehoiakim 
burned Jeremiah's prophetic roll. Robson, 66-71 ; Kirkpatrick^ 
295, ?96. 

4. The Jews in Egypt tiU 4 B. C. Blaikie, 326, 387-389, 406 ; 
Ottley, 244-257. 

5. Study of some of EzekiePs symbols. Beardslee, 90; 
Harvey- Jellie, 28, 29; Kirkpatrick, 332, 333; Cobern, 10. 

6. The influence of Ezekiel on later Jewish life. Ottley, 
223, 224; Beardslee, 91, 92; Matheson, II, 320-328; Cobern, 
14, 15. 

7. Phoenician civilization illustrated by Ezek. xxvii ; Co- 
bern, 162-170. 

STUDY XXIII.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Ezek. xxxvi, 7. 

Read Ezek. xxxiii, 1-9. On verse 3, Mr. Moody has 
"Four trumpet calls:" (1) Beware, Ezek. xxxiii, 3; 
Num. X, 5; (2) Be glad, Num. x, 10; (3) Be useful. 
Rev. viii, 6 ; (4) Be ready, Ezek. vii, 14 ; 1 Cor. xv, 52. 

Questions for Written Answers. 

I Why may Ezekiel be linked with Jeremiah for study? 
See Narrative. 

2. Of what period of Judah was Jeremiah especially the 
prophet? 

3. In what ways can he be compared with Paul? 

4. Can you name some of the kings in whose reigns he 
prophesied? 

5. Where was he taken after Jerusalem fell? 

6. Of what period was Ezekiel the prophet? 

7. What are some of the symbols or illustrations that he 



8. What New Testament book is suggested by the writings 
of Ezekiel? 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 185 

STUDY XXIII. — Seventh Day. Memory Verses, Ezek. xxxvi 
27. 

Read Ezek. xviii, 1-4; xxxvi, 25-27; xxxvii, 1-10. 
Jeremiah had spoken of the *'New Covenant." Ezekiel, 
in the passages set to be read, rises yet higher, and speaks 
of the individual, the new heart, the new power of the 
Holy Spirit able to recreate even a whole nation. Thus 
the prophets are ever advancing toward the full gospel. 

Personal Thought. 

"There shall be showers of blessing." (Ezek. xxxiv, 
26.) 

The words of the lonely prophet on the Chebar have 
blossomed into song. 

If he, in the dim dawning, could see the abundant 
miracle of grace, why should not I, as a Christian, now 
be glad and confident in my Lord's ability to save the 
world ? 



PART Vn.— TWBNTY-FOURTH "WEEK. 
DANIEL. 



Distinct 
Character of 
Book of 



Ligliton its 
DUficaltiM. 



STUDY XXIV.— First Day. Memory Verse, Dan. i, 8. 
Bead Dan. i. 

Narrative. 

While the Book of Daniel has served powerfully to 
mold Jewish and Christian thought, very much in the 
same way as has the writings of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and 
Ezekiel, and so may rightly be placed in Part VII, which 
considers Hebrew prophets and teachers, it is found in 
the Hebrew Bible, not among the Prophets, but among 
the Writings. This clearly shows that it was felt to be 
different from these other great prophetic books, and 
the questions and discussions which have arisen concern- 
ing it in recent years bear witness to the same fact. 
There is not space, nor is it necessary to attempt here 
to present the various views that are now held with 
relation to this book, as reference is made to the sources 
where they can be found.* 

So many of the difficulties connected with the histor- 
ical setting of Daniel have been solved in comparatively 
recent years, or are admitted to be of possible solution, 
that the judgment of the reader and student may well 
hold in reserve the question of a change of view as to 
the character of the book, awaiting further results. 
Its inclusion in the Writings, rather than the Prophets, 
is not a serious item against it. Daniel himself is not 
distinctly of the prophetic order, as was Jeremiah or 
Ezekiel, but a statesman in the service of a foreign king. 

iBeardslee, 190-201; Cobern, 243-327; Hast. Bib. Diet., art. "Dan- 
iel." Driver, IntrodticUon, 497-510, may be fomid briefly summarized 
In Beardslee, 198-197. 

186 



I 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 187 

The book is also largely historical and apocalyptic. 
These points would have weight with those who formed 
the canon of the Old Testament Scriptures. 

No sufficient disproof has been brought against the Confirmatory 
summary statement in Dan. i, 1, 2, showing that, in 606 *****■**• 
B. C, Nebuchadnezzar, either in person or through his 
general, may have asked from Jehoiakim the firstfruits 
of future deportations in the form of a few choice youths 
and some of the vessels of the temple.^ This monarch 
has been shown, from inscriptions, almost to head the 
list of the world's great builders ; so that Rogers says of 
him: "He may well have felt and spoken as the Hebrew 
sacred book represents, *Is not this great Babylon, that 
I have built for the house of the kingdom, by the might 
of my power, and for the honor of my majesty ' " (Dan. 
iv, 30).^ Of the king's strange period of seven years 
when he lived with the beasts (Dan. iv, 32, 33), Driver 
remarks, ''There are good reasons for supposing that 
Nebuchadnezzar's lycanthropy rests upon a basis of 
fact."* Again, Cobern says, " Belshazzar's existence 
was denied up to the very day when the Babylonian 
tablet was found, which proved him to be an historical 
character."^ As bearing on the tragic ending of Bel- 
shazzar's life in the night when he gave his impious feast 
and saw the hand- writing on the wall (Dan. v, 1-30), it 
is almost startling to have the obscure passage in the 
official Babylonian record now decided by such experts as 
Pinches, Hagen, and Delitzsch to read: *'0n the eleventh 
of Marchesvan, at night [eight days after Cyrus entered 
Babylon, his general], Gubaru made an assault [against 
the citadel], and slew the king's son."® This was Bel- 
shazzar ; and Pinches considers that during this period he 



2 Price, 211, 212, thinks this may have been in 605 B. 0., after the 
battle of Oarchemish. 
8 Rogers, II, 849. 
4 Driver, Introduction, 511. 
6 Cobern, 318. 
6 Driver, Introductiouy 499; Cobern, 816, 822; Price, 226, 242-245. 



i88 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Noble 
Message, 
whenever 
Written. 



Meaning of 
Symbols. 



must have been regarded as king. Driver thinks it not 
impossible that his mother, the wife of Kabonidus, may 
have been a daughter of Nebuchadnezzar; and so Bel- 
shazzar, by Hebrew usage, might be called the son of 
Nebuchadnezzar. Finally, Boscawen says that G-ubaru 
was a Manda, among whom were embraced the Medes; 
that he was appointed by Cyrus " prsefect of praefects," and 
"seems to fulfill in every way the required conditions to 
be Darius the Mede" (Dan. v, 31 — vi, 28). It, therefore, 
seems not improbable that every historical difficulty con- 
nected with the early part of Daniel will be cleared up.' 

Yet if the book shall be determined, after every 
factor is weighed, not to have been written in the time 
of the Exile but in the age of the Maccabees, most would 
hold that, in those troublous years when Antiochus 
Epiphanes was seeking to destroy the whole fabric of the 
true faith, some prophet-like soul grasped the accounts 
that had come down of God's deliverance of his children 
in Babylon and wrought them into this apocalyptic 
message. It breathed new life and hope into the hearts 
of the sorely persecuted heroes and saints of that age, 
and has cheered the martyrs down the centuries. It is 
full of the splendid truth that the servants of God and 
the kingdom of God are to triumph on every field. 
It is radiant with promise of the coming Son of man ; 
of the glorious resurrection; of the starlike, immortal 
crown of all who toil and suffer to win the world to God. 
It speaks to these times, no less than to others, of the 
beauty and power of pure, self -con trolled young man- 
hood, the sublimity of great convictions, the safety of 
the path of duty, and the absolute molding by the 
Divine hand of the course of human history. 

Probably the best view as to the kingdoms which are 
meant by the parts of the image as given in the second 
chapter of Daniel, or by the beasts in the seventh chap- 



7 See Price. 24&-247: Horner, Daniel^ Darius the Median, and Cyrus, 
74-118; BaU, Light from the East, 227. 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 189 

ter, for the two lines of symbols run parallel, is either 
the familiar list of world-empires — Babylonian, Medo- 
Persian, Greek, Koman — or the list reaching only to the 
Maccabean age — Babylonian, Medo-Persian, Greek, Syr- 
ian.® In the latter case, the little horn* that finally rises 
out of the fourth kingdom and does such outrage to the 
sanctuary, the continual burnt-offering, and the holy 
people appears to be Antiochus Epiphanes.^** But as 
ever in the supreme heights of Old Testament prophecy, 
upon the more distant horizon the conflict of Christ and 
his Church with the world may be seen. 

Almost countless attempts have been made to inter- Numbers 
pret and apply the numbers and time-measures of these ^** ^'"®* 
latter chapters of Daniel to historical events relating to 
the exile and restoration, the times of the Maccabees, 
and the era of Christ, but not with complete success. 
They are, perhaps, a part of the apocalyptic mode of 
expression, and while some of them have been fitted by 
students to their right places, others may belong to the 
symbolism of the writer, and to use them literally simply 
misleads. As Driver says, "In any case, the 'stone 
cut out without hands ' represents the kingdom of God, 
before which all earthly powers are ultimately to fall."" 



V 
The very names of good men are sometimes sug- 
gestive of certain qualities of character. At the 
mention of Daniel's name, 'we think of courage, of 
loyalty. To impersonate these virtues is to live for 
noble ends. 



SOobern, 339-S41, 867-375. 

9 Dan. vli, 8, 11, 20-26; vlii, 9-14, 19-26; xi, 21-39. 

10 Terry, Biblical Apocalypiics, 190-212; Oobern, 261-268; Deane, 140- 
144, 186-191. 

UDan. 11, 84, 86, 44, 45; Driver, Introduction, 489. 



190 Studies in the Old Testament. 

STUDY XXIV.--Second Day. Memory Verse, Dan. ii, 20. 

Bead Dan. ii, 1-24. It may be said that seldom, if 
ever, does control, self -discipline, training on the part of 
youth, fail to meet fitting opportunity, as here with 
Daniel, and have worthy reward. 

Scripture Outline. 

Daniel : (1) Opening scenes in historical form, i — vi ; (2) 
Closing scenes in apocalyptic form, vii — xii. 

STUDY XXIV.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Dan. ii, 44. 

Eead Dan. ii, 25-49. '* Nowhere else do we find be- 
fore the advent of Christ such a magnificent conception 
of the kingdom of heaven. "^^ 




JERUSALEM 

A RA Bl AN 
D E 5ERT 

Seleucidas 
or Syria 

Ptolemies 
or Egypt 



Map 19. Rivals for Possession op Palestine, 



12 Terry, Biblical Apocalyptics, 182. 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 191 

Suggestions for Map Work. 

Make a simple map, showing the Egyptian and Syrian 
divisions of Alexander's empire after his death, which 
became rivals for the possession of Palestine. See Map 
19 in text-book; Hurlbut, 94-96; MacCoun, II, 65-71; 
and Maps 103, 106, 107. 

STUDY XXIV.— Fourth Day. Memory Verses, Dan. iii, 17, 18. 
Eead Dan. iii. Perhaps no passage of the Bible has 
had more power than this to inspire the noble army of 
confessors and witnesses for the faith. 

General References. 

Blaikie, 323, 343-354; Ottley, 219-221, 262, 263; Barnicott, 
123-126; Beardslee, 190-201; Burney, 8, 14, 17, 26, 111, 126; 
Matheson, II, 331-351 ; Brown, 117-141 ; Price, 210-247 ; Deane, 
entire ; Oobern, 241-415. 

STUDY XXIV.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Dan. v, 5. 

Read Dan. v. *'If Daniel were fourteen years of age 
when carried to Babylon, he would be near seventeen, 
when he finished the course of study, a man somewhere 
near twenty-five or thirty years of age when Ezekiel 
speaks of him (Ezek. xiv, 14; xxviii, 3), and about 
eighty-five when we last hear of him" (Dan. x, 1).^* 
At the time of Belshazzar's death, he would be about 
eighty-one ; and the Biblical data of his life would cover 
the seventy years from his going to Babylon, about 606 
or 605 B. C. to 535 B. C, "in the third year of Cyrus" 
(Dan. X, 1). 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment \n 
Class-work. 

1. God's defense of his people. Gen. xv, 1 ; xxxix, 21 ; Ex. 
xiv, 13, 14; 1 Sam. vii, 10-12; xxv, 29; Psa. vii, 1, 10; xci, 1, 
2, 14, 15; Dan. iii, 25, 28; vi, 19-23; vii, 27. 

2. Babylonian language and learning. Dan. i, 4 ; Davidson 
(B. and A.), 63, 64, 94-104; Bib. Diet. 



iSCobern, 300. 



192 Studies in the Old Testament. 

3. Nebuchadnezzar as a builder. Dan. iv, 29, 30; Blaikie, 
343; Price, 216, 217 ; Rogers, II, 342-351. 

4. The character of Daniel. Matheson, II, 331-849; Price, 
236-246; Oobern, 298-300. 

5. Brief sketch of the life and work of Cyrus. Blaikie, 351- 
355 ; Ottley, 227-229 ; Price, 223-235 ; Rogers, 11, 370-379. 

6. Antiochus Epiphanes and his record. Blaikie, 393-396 ; 
Ottley, 258-261 ; Skinner, 35-47. 

7. Main references to the resurrection in the Old Testa- 
ment. Isa. xxvi, 19; Ezek. xxxvii, 1-14; Dan. xii, 2; Blaikie, 
857 ; Burney, 126, 127. 



STUDY XXIV.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Dan. vi, 10. 

Eead Dan. vi, 10-23. The hunting of lions, their 
confinement in cages and dens, and their use for extreme 
punishment of offenders, by the Assyrians and Babylon- 
ians, are fully confirmed by Oriental records and illus- 
trations.^* 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. Under what king of Babylon was Daniel and his three 
companions taken from their native land? 

2. Can you state some points discovered about Belshazzar 
in inscriptions? See Narrative. 

3. How did Daniel rise to a position of honor? 

4. What chief points of strength and heroism are shown in 
his life? 

5. What great truth is revealed in the Book of Daniel about 
the kingdom of God? 

6. What was the character of Cyrus? 

7. About what would have been the age of Daniel in the 
early years of Cyrus's reign over Babylon? See Fifth Day. 

STUDY XXIV.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Dan. xii, 3. 

Read Dan. xii, 1-3. What an inspiration for soul- 
winning is given in the promise of the Memory Verse ! 



MDeane, 110, 111; Oobern, 864; Ball, lAght from the East, 161-163, 200. 
See, also, illustration, Davidson (B. and A.), 51. 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 193 

Personal Thought. 

"Daniel purposed in his heart that he would not 
defile himself with the king's dainties, nor with the 
wine which he drank." (Dan. i, 8.) 

It is to the inner temple of the youthful heart, 
whether of man or woman, that will not permit itself to 
be defiled with worldliness, that the splendid concepts of 
mind and visions of soul come. 

Am I thus guarding my heart for God^s use ? 



jS 



PART VII.— tw:bnty-pifth week. 
THE CLOSINO LIXE OF MmOR PEOPHETS. 



STUDY XXV.— First Day. Memory Verse, Nahum i, 3. 
Read JSTahum i, 1-8, 15, 16; iii, 17-19. 

Narrative. 
Right The term "Minor Prophets'* is not a satisfactory 

Estimate name if it is taken in the sense that these writings are 
Arrangement, unimportant and not used simply to suggest the fact that 
they are briefer than the Books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and 
Ezekiel. Already from the list of the twelve, Amos, 
Hosea, and Micah have been treated, and have been 
found to be of great value. It now remains to place the 
other nine in as careful chronological order as may be, 
and briefly to consider each of them. The usual arrange- 
ment is to classify the Old Testament prophetic writings 
by periods, as: (1) Eighth Century (B. C), or Assyrian; 
(2) Seventh Century, or Chaldean; (3) Post-Exilic, or 
Restoration.* The term Exilic is of service in desig- 
nating those of the Chaldean period that appeared during 
the time of the Captivity, and Pre-Exilic may be used for 
all coming before that time. Of the nine remaining 
Minor Prophets, Nahum, Zephaniah, and Habakkuk 
may be counted as pre-exilic; Haggai, Zechariah, and 
Malachi as post-exilic; and Joel, Obadiah, and Jonah of 
uncertain date. 
Nahnm'a Nahum is probably the first of the seventh-century 

Poetic Force, prophets.' Nothing is known of him, except that he is 
called "The Elkoshite" (Nahum i, 1); and the place 

iBeardslee, 48; Klrkpatrlck, 1&-21, 5S2-5S5; Hast. Bib. Diet., IV, 112. 

2 Driver, Introduction, 336, 886, gives 664 to 607 B. C. as Umiting dates; 
Beardslee, 118, the same ; Smith, TTie Book of the Twelve ProphetSy II, 88, 
Inclineg to 607 B. O. 

194 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 195 

implied in the name can not be located. His poetic 
language is very forceful, resembling that of Isaiah, and 
the object of his prophecy is Mneveh. Under the figure 
of a lion, he shows the extreme cruelty and savagery of 
Assyria. ''The lion did tear in pieces enough for his 
whelps, and strangled for his lioness, and filled his caves 
with prey, and his dens with ravin . . . "Woe to the 
bloody city r' (ii, 12; iii, 1). I^ahum i — iii. 

It is possible that Zephaniah may have prophesied Zephaniah's 
before the time of Nahum. He is shown to be a great- '''*®"**^®^***^* 
grandson of Hezekiah (Zeph. i, 1), and most scholars 
think this means the Judean king of that name, so that 
his date may be before the reformation in the reign of 
Josiah, or in the years from 626 to 621 B. C* The deso- 
lating flood which he sees is about to strike the nations 
from Ethiopia to Assyria is supposed to be the Scythians, 
^' those strange, uncouth forms, hardly to be distinguished 
from their horses and wagons, fierce as their own wolves 
or bears, sweeping down on the seats of luxury and 
power."* Though woe is announced to Jerusalem because 
she is ''rebellious and polluted'* (iii, 1), yet in the end 
Jehovah will rejoice in her, he will be "silent in his 
love" (iii, 17). Zephaniah i — iii. 

Habakkuk lived when Judah's eastward outlook was Habakinik's 
changing. He shows that while the Chaldeans, whOp^^J^'^ 
seem now to have overthrown Assyria, may have been Temperance, 
raised up to punish Judah's sins, "the righteous shall 
live by his faith" (Hab. ii, 4), and evil shall not go 
un judged. Woe shall be to him "that buildeth a town 
with blood" . . . "that giveth his nejjghbor drink" 
(ii, 12, 15). His closing chapter is a beautiful lyric ode 
(Hab. iii). The date of Habakkuk may be a little after 
the battle of Carchemish, 605 B. C. Habakkuk i — ^iii. 

It has already been stated ^ that two post-exilic proph- Two 
ets, Haggai and Zechariah, did much by their prophetic pj^*j^^"^d 

sottley (H. P.), 48; Adams, 54. the Temple. 

4 Stanley, The Jewish CJiv/r^h, IT, -'2S 
6 Study XVI, Narrative. 



196 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Zectaarlah's 
Vein of 
Apocalypse. 



Malactal's 
Proniise of 
Meooenger. 



appeals to inspire the rebuilding of the temple, about 520 
to 516 B. C. The prophecy of Haggai is especially 
straightforward and practical, and he brings out his 
points in a way that produced the results that he desired. 
The returned exiles were aroused, and no longer let the 
house of the Lord lie waste, while they dwelt in "ceiled 
houses " (Hag. i, 4). The two chapters of his book are 
made up of short discourses, definitely dated. Haggai 
i, ii. 

The Book of Zechariah is much longer than those 
which have thus far been noted in the present lesson. 
The first six chapters are composed of eight visions, sym- 
bolizing Israel's resources of Divine care and spiritual 
power in overcoming obstacles and completing the sanctu- 
ary. Satan stands at the right hand of Joshua, the high- 
priest, to oppose him; but Jehovah will rebuke the 
adversary, and clothe the priest in splendid apparel, 
with a "clean mitre upon his head" (Zech. iii, 1-5); 
and Zerubbabel will lay the "top-stone" of the temple; 
for the work is "not by might, nor by power, but by my 
Spirit, saith Jehovah of hosts" (iv, 6, 7). The conclud- 
ing eight chapters are much more general in tone, but 
show striking Messianic passages, some of which are 
cited concerning Christ in the 'New Testament.* The 
whole prophecy is pervaded by an element of apocalypse. 
Zechariah i — xiv. 

Malachi, the third post-exilic prophet, can be fairly 
well placed in the twenty years from 460 to 440 B. C 
His book shows how the faith and spirit of the people 
had declined, and he searchingly presents the call of God 
that they bring "the whole tithe" of a right service and 
prove if Jehovah will not "open the windows of heaven" 
in blessing. He concludes with the promise of a "mes- 
senger " preparing the way before the Lord, an Elijah — 
which was fulfilled in John the Baptist. Malachi i — iv. 

Matt, xxi, 6; Zech. xli, 10; Johnxlx, 87. See Kirkpat- 



6 Zech. Ix, 9 
rick, 475, 476. 

7 See Study XVI, Narrative 



Ottley (H. P.), 87; Adams, 85, 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 197 

Of the three prophets whose writings can not be easily joei's Pledge 
dated, the first, Joel, is by some placed very early, as by®' P®nte">»^ 
Kirkpatrick, from 837 to 817 B. C.,* though he also 
considers the points favoring a very late date. The latter 
view is more fully accepted by Ottley, who places the 
prophet about 350 B. C. Joel was the son of Pethuel 
(Joel i, 1) and a native of Judah, of which his prophecy 
clearly speaks. He it is who gives the great Pentecostal 
promise, when God says, "And it shall come to pass 
afterward that I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh " 
(ii, 28). Joel i — iii. 

Most writers would locate Obadiah in the sixth cen-obadiah 
tury B. C. ; but again Kirkpatrick points out an early""** ^**"* 
date as possible in the reign of Jehoram, king of Judah, 
about 845 B. C.^ Obadiah (vs.) 1-9 and Jeremiah xlix, 
7-22 are so much alike that it is thought that the latter 
quotes from the former, so that Beardslee, Smith, and 
Driver incline to a date for Obadiah shortly after the fall 
of Jerusalem, 586 B. C.^" The prophetic message is di- 
rected against Edom, viewing its overthrow and the out- 
look for God's people, and the brief writing closes with 
the noble phrase that "the kingdom shall be Jehovah's" 
(vs. 21). Obadiah 1-21. 

"Jonah the son of Amittai, the prophet, who was of Jonah'a 
Gath-hepher" (2 Kings xiv, 25), is evidently the same[;^^^^^ 
person as the one described in the Book of Jonah, where Love. 
he is also called the son of Amittai (Jonah i, 1) ; and in 
the first passage it is seen that he was a prophet in the 
Northern Kingdom, in the reign of Jeroboam II." 
Gath-hepher is a town of Lower Galilee, three miles 
northeast of Nazareth. If the Book of Jonah was written 
by the prophet, its date may be about 745 B. C.^^ Most 
of those who assign the book to some other author than 



8 Kirkpatrick, 57, 58. 

9 Kirkpatrick, 39. 

10 Beardslee, 108. 

u See Study XIV, Sixth Day. 
12 Beardslee, 110. 



198 Studies in the Old Testament. 

Jonali would place the time of its writing after the Exile, 
and in the fifth or the fourth century B. C.^' This and 
other questions relating to the book can best be consid- 
ered by the reader or student consulting books where 
they are treated at some length.^* Adams finely points 
out three principal lessons of the Book of Jonah — ^the 
lesson of obedience, the lesson of repentance, and the 
lesson of God's universal love." Jonah i — ^iv. 



**Unto the fathers in the prophets by divers 
portions and in divers manners . . . unto us in 
the Son. . . Therefore . the more 

earnest heed." Hebrewi, i, 2; ii, i. 



STUDY XXV.— Second Day. Memory Verse, Zeph. iii, 17. 

Eead Zeph. iii, 1-7, 13-20. Like many of the proph- 
ets, this descendant of the royal house of Judah here first 
shows the sins of Jerusalem and then points out God's 
corrections, foretells the survival of a true remnant, and 
gives assurance of final peace and blessing. 

Scripture Outline. 

The Minor Prophets: (1) Of the eighth century B. 0., 
Amos, Hosea, Micah ; (2) Of the seventh century B. C, Nahum, 
Zephaniah, Habakkuk; (3) Post-exilic, Haggai, Zechariah, 
Malachi ; (4) Of uncertain date, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah. 

STUDY XXV.— Third Day. Memory Verses, Hab. iii, 17, 18. 

Bead Habakkuk iii. Driver well says that this lyric 
ode "for sublimity of poetic conception and splendor of 
diction ranks with the finest which Hebrew poetry has 
produced."" 



isottley (H. P.), 101; Driver, Introduction, 322. 

14 See Kennedy, On the Book of Jonah; Trumbull, Jonah in Nineveh; 
Smith, The Book of the Twelve Prophets, II, 491-541. 
i« Adams, 107-110. 
16 Driver, Introduction, 2SQ. 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 199 



roZar^'^phath (Sarepta) 

^PaneasCDan) 

MEHOH 




Map 20. Palestine Towabd New Testament Timbs. 



200 Studies in the Old Testament. 

Suggestions for Map Work. 

Review the map work of the course; and note the 
signs of approach to Xew Testament times, in the growth 
of Greek cities in Palestine, and otherwise, as shown in 
Map 20 in text-book. 

STUDY XXV.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Hag. i, 4. 

Read Haggai i. It is still true that it generally 
requires the vision, words, and work of a minister to carry 
through the building of a church, as it did in the days of 
Haggai. 

General References. 

Blaikie, 293-295, 301, 315-318, 326, 362, 363, 375, 376; Ottley, 
211,231-234,247,249; Beardslee, 95-136; Burney, 6-25, 72-90, 
108-117; Matheson, H, 217-241; Price, 207-209, 278; Ottley 
(H. P.), 14, 15, 45-51, 61, 78-103; Kirkpatrick, 1&-21, 31-79, 237- 
290, 411- -535 ; Adams, entire. 

STUDY XXV.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Zech. iv, 6. 

Read Zech. iv. In the vision given the prophet, the 
oil is so abundantly and surely supplied that the light can 
not fail. So the Holy Spirit can cause that the Chris- 
tian's illumination and purpose shall not grow dim. 

Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in 
Class-work. 

1. Some of the prophecies of Christ and his kingdom in the 
Old Testament fulfilled in the New. Psa. ii, 6-8 ; xxii, 1, 16-18 ; 
Ixxii, 11, 12, 17; Isa. ix, 1-7; liii, 1-6; Jer. xxxi, 31-34; Dan. 
vii, 13 14; xii, 2, 3; Joel, ii, 28-32; Micah, iv, 1-3; v, 2; Zech. 
ix, 9; Malachi, iii, 1. 

2. How the Old Testament prepares the way for the New. 
Ottley (H. P.), 106-118 ; Kirkpatrick, 517-531. 

3. Outline of the great religious truths in the Hebrew 
prophets. Beardslee, 747-750. 

4. The Scythians and their southward incursion in the sev- 
enth century B. C. Adams, 55, 56; Bib. Diet. 

5. Special study of the Book of Zechariah. Beardslee, 127- 
133; Burney, 108, 109; Ottley (H. P.), 80-83. 

6. Description of the locusts and their devastations. Joel 
i, 4; Adams, 93-95; Bib. Diet. 



Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 201 

7. Brief examination of the Book of Jonah : its diflSculties 
and teachings. Ottley, 247 ; Beardslee, 110-114 ; Burney, 115- 
118 ; Adams, 104-111. 

STUDY XXV.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Malachi iii, 10. 

Read Malachi iii. No less than in the time of Malachi, 
there is danger to-day of robbing God of rightful service ; 
and now, as then, the full offering from hearts of love 
will bring God's overflowing response. 

Questions for Written Answers. 

1. How should the term *' Minor Prophets" be understood? 
See Narrative. 

2. Can you classify the twelve Minor Prophets as to date? 
See Scripture Outline under Second Day, and Chart C, p. 163. 

3. Against what nation does Nahum especially speak? 

4. What enterprise enlists and associates Haggai and Zech- 
ariah? 

5. Can you mention three prophetic passages concerning 
Christ in the Minor Prophets? 

6. Can you give two passages from these prophets referring 
especially to the Holy Spirit? 

7. What are some of the practical lessons of the Book of 
Jonah? 

STUDY XXV.— Seventh Day. Memory Verses, Joel 11, 28, 29. 
Read Joel ii, 28-32; Obadiah verse 21. The early 
morning of the gospel age seems already to illumine the 
hearts of the prophets, who could see the kingdom of the 
Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit as about to come. 

Personal Thought. 

"I knew that thou art a gracious God, and merciful 
. . . and abundant in lovingkindness." (Jonah iv, 2.) 

And now Jonah learns this lesson more fully in God's 
feeling toward Nineveh. It is most appropriate that the 
study of the course of God's revelation of himself in the 
Old Testament as of that in the :N'ew Testament should 
end upon the note of his gracious love and mercy, reach- 
ing out to all the race. 

Do I partake of this love, and seek to express it in my 
life? 



INDEX OF SCEIPTTJRE PASSAGES. 



Page 
GENESIS. 
Entire. ..11, 23, 24, 27, 

49, (chart) 44 

i, 1 23 

i, 1-8, 14-19 26 

i, 1, 31 29 

i, 2 184 

i, 3 26 

i, 3-31 29 

i, 9-13, 20-25 27 

i, 9-27 29 

i, 26-29 29, 30 

i, 26— ii, 3 28 

i, ii 15, 24 

i — iv 27 

i— xi, 26 27 

i — XXV 34 

ii, 2, 3 29 

ii, 4-15 28 

ii, 7 28, 29 

ii, 8-17 29, 31 

ii, 18-25 29 

ii, 27 28 

iii 15 

iii, 1-6 32, 33 

iii, 1-8 33 

iii, 1, 14, 15 36 

iii, 6, 7, 22, 23 36 

iii, 7, 15-24 32, 33 

iii, 811 36 

iii, 9-14, 16-19 34, 36 

iii, 15, 20-24 35, 36 

iii, 17 38 

iv, 1-7 38, 39, 44 

iv, 8, 23, 24 118 

iv, 9, 10 36, 44 

iv, 20-26 40-42 

iv, 25, 29 38 

iv, 26 50 

iv — xi, 9 15 

V, 1-5, 21-32 41 

V, 1— vi, 8 27 

V, 9 38 

V, 24 118 

vi 42 

vi, 2, 4 40, 48 

vi, 3 184 

vi, 9 118 

vii 43 

vii, 1 161 

vii, 11, 17 44 

viii 43 

ix, 1-17 44 

X 42, 43 

X, 1 — xi, 9 27 

X, 16 44 

xi, 10-26 27 

xi, 10 — xxviii, 9 15 

xi, 27 — XXV, 11 49 

xi, 27—1, 26 49 



Page 

xi, 28, 31 46, 50 

xi, 31 — ^xii, 9 45 

xii, 1 161 

xii, 7, 8 50 

xii, 8-20 47 

xiii 47, 49 

xiii, 4 50 

xiv 46, 49, 50 

xiv — xix 47 

XV, 1 191 

XV, 6 51 

XV, 19-21 67 

xviii, 16-33 50 

xviii, 24-26 169 

xviii, 25 43, 50 

XX 47 

xxi 47 

xxii 49 

xxii, 8, 13, 14 56 

xxii, 19 47 

xxiii 47 

xxiv 48 

xxiv, 1-15, 50, 67 51 

XXV, 7-10 47 

XXV, 12-18 49 

XXV, 19 — XXXV, 29 .... 49 

XXV, 27-34 51 

xxvi, 17-25 51 

xxvi — 1 54, 55 

xxviii, 2 53 

xxviii, 10-22 52 

xxxviii, 13 161 

xxviii — xxxvi 53 

xxix, 4 53 

xxxii, 22 — xxxiii 54 

XXXV, 27-29 15 

xxxvi, 1 — xxxvii, 1 ... 49 

xxxvii 55 

xxxvii, 2 — 1, 26 49 

xxxvii, 25-27 56 

xxxix, 1-6, 19-23 55 

xxxix, 3 56 

xxxix, 21 191 

xii, 1-16, 37-45 55 

xii, 16 161 

xii, 43 54 

xiii, 1-5 56 

xiii, 15, 16 56 

xliii, 1-15 56 

xliv, 16 36 

xliv — xiv, 15 56 

xiv, 7, 8 56 

xiv, 8 53 

xiv, 24 57 

xlvi, 1 — 1, 13 53 

xlix 56 

xlix, 10, 22-26 57 

xlix, 29-32 47 

1 57 

1, 20 53, 56 

203 



Pago 
EXODUS. 

Entire 15, 63 

i, 8-14 58 

i, 11 59 

i — xii 59 

i — xiii 62 

ii, 1-15 58 

iii, 1-14 58 

iii, 5 63 

iii, 7 105 

iii, 10 161 

iii, 14 29 

V — xii 59 

xii, 37 59 

xiii — xl 60 

xiv 61 

xiv, 13, 14 191 

xiv, 15 70 

xiv, 21 59 

xiv — xix, 1 62 

XV, 11-13 169 

xvii, 9, 10 66 

xix, 1-11 62 

xix, 2 — xl 62 

XX, 1-17 60, 62 

XX, 26 62 

XX, 22 — xxiii, 19 60 

xxviii, 38 63 

xxxi, 3 184 

xxxiv, 6, 7 169 

LEVITICUS. 

Entire 15, 60, 62 

i, 1-4 63 

i — vii 62 

i — xxvii 60 

ii, 1-3 63 

iii, 1 63 

vi, 24-26 63 

vii, 1, 2 63 

viii — X 62 

X, 1, 2 91 

xi, 5, 6, 26-30 155 

xi — xvi 62 

xvi, 34 63 

xvii — xxvi 60 

xvi — xxvii 62 

xix, 9-18 63 

XX, 26 63 

xxiii 64 

xxvii, 30 64 

NXTMBEBS. 

Entire 15, 62 

i — ix 60 

i — X, 10 62 

iv, 20 91 

X, 5, 10 184 

X, 11 — ^xxii, 1 62 

xi, 26-29 184 



204 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Page 

xi, 28, 29 66 

xiii, 1 66 

xiii, 26 60 

xiii, 31 118 

xiv, 1, 2 118 

xiv, 20-31 60 

xir, 38 66 

xviii, 7 91 

XX 60 

XX, 27, 28 60 

xxi — xxxii 60 

xxii, 2 — xxxvi 62 

xxvi, 64, 65 60 

xxxii, 23 36 

xxxiii, 3-49 64 

DEUTEEONOMT. 

Entire 15, 62 

i, 19, 46 60 

i — iv, 43 62 

iv, 44 — xxvi 62 

vi, 1-9 63 

vii, 22 73 

viii, 2 78 

X, 6 60 

XV, 15 176 

xviii, 15 64 

xxvii, 2-8 69 

xxvii — XXX 62 

XXX, 11-19 64 

XXX, 20 98 

xxxi, 4 43 

xxxi — xxxiv 62 

xxxiT, 1, 5, 6 60 

xxxiv, 9 66 

xxxiv, 10 64 

JOSHUA. 

Entire 15, 69, 164 

i, 7 70 

i, 8 69 

i, ii 66 

i — V 69 

iii, 5-17 60 

iii, 16 67 

iii — V 67 

iv 09 

iv, 2-9, 20-22 09 

V, 13 — vi, 20 69 

▼i, 3, 15, 16, 20 70 

vi — xi 63 

vi — xii 69 

vii, 11, 16-18 30 

viii, 30-35 69, 70 

ix, 1 67 

xi, 21 67 

xiii — xxi 69 

xiv 70 

XV, 13-19 68 

XV, 15 69 

XV, 63 72 

xvi, 10 72 

Xix, 18 148 

xix, 47 68 

xxi, 45 70, 112 

xxii — xxiv 68, 69 

xxiii, 10 70, 71 

xxiv 69-71 

xxiv, 15, 18 118 

xxiv, 22, 23 125 



Page 

JUDGES. 
Entire ... 16, 76, 129, 164 

i 68 

i, 3, 22 83 

i — iii, 6 76 

ii, 10, 11 73 

ii, 16 — iii, 11 72 

ii, 21, 22 78 

ii, 22, 23 73 

iii, 1, 2, 4 78 

iii, 7-11 74 

iii, 7 — ^xvi 76 

iii, 9 73 

iii, 15-27 86 

iii, 16 78 

iv, 4, 6 161 

iv, 8 118 

iv, V 74 

iv, 1 — V, 7 76 

V, 1-23 78 

V, 14, 17 86 

V, 20, 21 76 

V, 23 76, 78 

V, 30 78 

vi, 4, 19, 25, 26 85 

vi, 11 — vii, 8 78 

vi, 34, 35 79, 125, 184 

vi, vii 75 

vii, 1-21 76 

vii, 5 85 

vii, 7 78 

viii, 24-26 78 

ix, 7-20 144 

ix, 8-15 77 

xi, 12-15, 28-40 77 

xi, 29 86 

xii, 1-6 86 

xiii, 4, 5 78 

xiii, 24 85 

xiv, 12 78 

xiv, 12-18 144 

XV, 3 155 

xvi, 1 161 

xvi, 15-31 78 

xvii, 6 73 

xvii, 10 78 

xvii 76, 79 

xvii — xxi 75 

xviii 63 

xix — xxi 78 

XX, i, 18 87 

XX. 10 91 

xxi, 20-25 73, 79 

RUTI-I. 

Entire 18, 75, 76, 78 

i, 1-9 76 

i, 10-22 76 

i, 14-22 79 

i, 16, 17 78 

i — iv 75 

ii, 8-12 79 

ii, 11, 12 73 

ii — iv, 17 70 

iii, 3, 15 78 

iv, 18-22 76 

1 SAMUEL. 

Entire 83, 89, 90, 164 

i. 3 80 



Page 

i, 9-11, 19-22, 25-28 . . 80 

i, 27 105 

i — viii 83 

i — XXV, 1 16 

ii 81 

ii, 1-19 83 

ii, 2 63 

ii, 18, 26 85 

ii, 26 81, 83 

ii, 30 91 

iii 81, 83 

iii, 19, 20 85, 87 

iv — vii, 1 82 

V, 19 91 

vi, 17 87 

vii »2, 84, 85 

vii, 2, 5 83, 87 

vii, 3-6 125 

vii, 10-12 191 

vii, 15-17 81 

viii, 2 87 

viii, 8-11 81 

viii, 10-18 108 

viii, 19, 20 118 

viii — xix 83 

ix 88 

ix, 2 88 

ix, 3, 9 85 

ix — X, 1 88 

ix — xvi 83 

ix — XXV 83 

ix — 2 Sam. i 16 

X, 2 — xii 89 

X, 5-18 81 

X, 17-25 84 

xi 89 

xi, 1-11 91 

xii, 1-15, 23 85 

xii, 2 85 

xiii 90 

xiii, 9, 12-14 91 

xiii, 19 91 

xiii, 20 87 

xiii — xxxi 89 

xiv, 50. 51 98 

XV, 1-23 91 

XV, 22, 23, 28 64, 91 

XV, 23, 24 36 

xvi 94 

xvi, 1-13 93 

xvi. 13 134 

xvi, 11-13 85 

xvi — xxxi 16 

xvii 96 

xvii, 1, 2 (Map) 90 

xvii, 4 96 

xvii, 5-7, 38-40, 49 ... 91 

xvii, 34-36 155 

xvii, 45, 46 70 

xvii — xxi 95 

xvii — xxxi 83 

xviii, 4 91 

xix, 18-20 85 

XX, 36-40 91 

xxi, 1, 6 82 

xxii, 19 82 

xxii — xxxi 95 

XXV, 1 83 

XXV, 2 85 

XXV, 14-44 96 

XXV, 29 191 



Index of Scripture Passages. 



205 



Page 

^svi, 31 92 

xxviii, a-19 91 

xxviii, 4 148 

XXX, 26-31 95 

xxxi, 8 91 

xxxi, 4, 5 91 

xxxi, 11-18 91 

2 SAMUEL. 

Entire 16, 96, 164 

i, 6-10 92 

1, 17-27 92 

i, 18 91 

i— iv 96 

ii, 8— iv, 1 98 

ii, 23 ITfi 

V, 1-12 97 

V — ix 9 3 

vi, 1-15 97 

vi, 6, 7 91 

vi, 15 125 

vii, 9, 16 98 

vii, 24 98 

X — xxir 96 

sii, 1-15 144 

xii, 1-23 97 

xii, 7-14 33 

xii, 24, 25 16 

siv, 1-20 1''4 

xiY — xviii 98 

XV, 1-12 98 

xviii, 31-33 98 

1 KINGS. 

Entire 103, 164 

i, 3, 4 147, 148 

i, 32-40 100 

i— ii, 11 95 

i — ii, 12 16 

i — xi 16, 103 

ii 100 

ii, 13-25 147 

iii 101, 103 

iii, 7-14 85 

iii, 28 149 

iv 103 

iv, 9-28 108 

iv, 33 105 

v, 1-8 103, 105 

V, 12 101 

V, 13, 14 108 

V — viii 101 

vi, 1-7 103 

vi, 29-34 105 

viii, 1-30 104 

viii, 30, 38-42 105 

viii, 56 112 

ix, 10-14, 16 101 

ix, 15-19, 26-28 105 

ix — xi 103 

X, 3, 13 106 

X, 27 105 

xi, 6-12 105 

xi, 26-40 108 

xi, 26— xiv, 31 16 

xi, 28-31 112 

xi, 43— xiv, 31 124 

xii, 1-20 108, 109 

xii. 15 112 

xii, 16-83 110 



xii, 21 — XV, 8 110 

xii, 28 — xiii, 5 112 

xii — XV, 9 117 

xii — 2 Kings xvii 103 

xiii, 1-6, 33, 34 Ill 

xiii, 3, 5, 26, 32 112 

xiv, 1-6, 12-16 112 

xiv, 9, 15, 23 112 

xiv, 20 — 2 Kings xvii. . 16 

xiv, 21-31 112 

xiv, 31 — XV, 8 124 

xiv, 31 — 2 Kings xxv, 21 16 

XV, 3 121 

XV, 8-24 124 

XV, 14 122 

XV, 16 — xvi, 6 117 

XV, 16 — xxii 116 

XV, 24 — xxii, 50 12 4 

XV, 25-31 117 

XV, 26, 34 118 

xvi, 6-14 117 

xvi, 15-20 117 

xvi, 16-28 117 

xvi, 24 118 

xvi, 29 — xxii, 40 117 

xvi, 31, 33 115 

xvii 157, 158 

xvii, 1 — 2 Kings ii, 12.160 
xvii, 1 — 2 Kings xiii, 21 16 

xviii 158 

xviii, 1-24 160 

xviii, 21 160 

xviii, 25-46 161 

xviii, 37-39 125 

xix 159, 161 

xix, 11, 12, 15, 16 161 

xix, 16 — 2 Kings xiii, 

21 160 

xix, 40 — XX, 2 107 

XX, 1-34 113 

xxi, 17-29 159 

xxii, 34 116 

xxii, 40 — 2 Kings i, 18.117 
xxii, 50 — 2 Kings viii, 

24 124 

xxii, 51, 52 118 

2 KINGS. 

Entire 103, 164 

i, ii, 1-12 159 

i — xvii 117 

ii 161 

iii 118, 160 

iii, 1 — ix, 26 117 

iii, 27 115 

iv, 8 148 

iv, V 159 

V 162 

V, 25-27 35 

vi, 8-17 162 

vi — X 160 

viii, 24 — ix, 28 124 

ix, 1 — X, 36 117 

ix, 11-20 118 

X, 10 112 

X, 29-36 118 

xi, 1-16 124 

xi, 12 — xii, 21 124 

xii, 21 — ^xiv, 21 124 

xiii 160 

xiii, 1-9 117 



Page 

xiii, 9 — xiv, 16 117 

xiv, 16-29 117 

xiv, 21 — XV, 7 124 

xiv, 23-29 119 

xiv, 25 197 

xiv, 29 — XV, 12 117 

XV, 7-38 124 

XV, 9-24 121 

XV, 13-15 117 

XV, 14-22 117 

XV, 19 116 

XV, 22-26 117 

XV, 25-31 117 

XV, 30 — xvii, 6 117 

XV, 38 — xvi, 20 124 

xvi 126 

xvi, 1-28 117 

xvi, 20 — ^xx, 21 124 

xvii, 1-8, 24-33 119 

xvii, 7-17 112 

xvii, 18, 22-41 119 

xviii, 9-12 117 

xviii, 13 — ^xix 126 

xviii — xxv 103 

xix, 14-22, 28, 35-37 ..125 

xix, 35 123 

XX, 21 — xxi, 18 124 

xxi, 18-26 124 

xxi, 26 — xxii, 30 124 

xxii, 1-13 126 

xxii, 19 134 

xxii, 1 — xxiii, 14 126 

xxiii, 1-3 125 

xxiii, 1-6, 21-25 126 

xxiii, 28-30 126 

xxiii, 30-34 124 

xxiii, 34 — xxiv, 6 124 

xxiv, 6-17 124 

xxiv, 7 126 

xxiv, 14-16 128 

xxiv, 17 — xxv, 7 124 

xxv, 12 128, 129 

xxv, 22-29 16 

xxv, 22-30 128 

1 CHBONICLES. 

Entire 110 

i, 14-17 103 

i— ix 110 

viii, ix 103 

X 91, 95 

X — xxix 16, 110 

xi — xxix 95 

XV, 17-21 138 

xvi, 4, 25, 36 142 

xvi, 29 50 

xvi, 39 82 

xvii, 1-15 98 

xvii, 7 98 

xxi, 29 82 

xxii, 8, 9 100 

xxiii, 5 142 

xxv, 1, 6-8 141 

xxviii, 4 98 

xxviii — 2 Chron. ix. . . . 16 
xxix, 29, 30 98 

2 CnBONICLES. 

Entire 110 

i— ix 110 

ii— vii 101 



2o6 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Page 

V, 12, 13 142 

vi, 40 105 

vii, 14 125, 134 

ix, 1-12 105 

ix, 31 — xii 16, 124 

X 109 

x — xiii, 20 117 

X — xxxvi 110 

xi, 5-10 (map) 111 

xi, 7, 8 Ill 

xi — xiv, 1 110 

xii, 6, 7 134 

xii, 12 113 

xii, 14 121 

xii, 16 — xiv, 1 124 

xii, 16 — xxxvi, 21 16 

xiii, 1-12 112 

xiii, 8-11 112 

xiii, 13-20 113 

xiv, 1 — xvii, 1 124 

xiv, 9-15 122 

xvi, 7-10 122 

xvii, 1-9 124 

xvii, 1 — xxi, 1 124 

xvii, 3, 4 118, 122 

xvii, 7-9 122 

xix, 1-3 122 

xix, 4-11 122, 124 

XX, 20-23 70 

XX, 20-30 125 

XX, 21, 22 141 

XX, 35-37 122 

xxi, 1 — xxii, 1 124 

xxii, 1-9 124 

xxii, 16 — xxiii, 15 124 

xxiii, 11 — xxiv, 27 ....124 

xxiv, 27 — xxvi, 1 124 

xxvi, 1-23 124 

xxvi, 23 — xxvii, 9 ....124 
xxvii, 9 — xxviii, 27 ... 124 

xxviii 126 

xxviii, 1, 2 118 

xxviii, 1-15 125 

xxviii, 22 123 

xxviii, 27 — xxxii, 33 ..124 

xxix, 27 127 

XXX, 8-13, 21-27 125 

xxxi 142 

xxxii, 1-22 126 

xxxii, 33 — ^xxxiii, 20 ..124 

xxxiii, 12 134 

xxxiii, 20-25 124 

xxxiii, 25 — xxxvi, 1 ...124 

xxxiv, 14-32 126 

XXXV, 20-25 126 

xxxvi, 1-3, 4-8, 8-10, 

10-21 124 

xxxvi, 11-23 125, 128 

xxxvi, 21 112, 128 

xxxvi, 22, 23 16 

EZRA. 

Entire 16, 132 

i, 1 — ii, 2 128 

i — vi 132 

ii, 66 134 

iii, 8-13 134 

iii, 10, 11 141 

V, vi .130 

vii — ^x 132 

ix, 15 43 



Page 
NEHEMIAH. 

Entire 16, 132 

i — vii 132 

viii, 1-3, 8-12 125, 134 

viii — xii, 26 132 

xii, 27-44 132 

xiii, 4-9, 28-31 130 

ESTHER. 

Entire 16, 132 

i, ii 132 

iii 132 

iv, 13-17 135 

iv, V 132 

vi, vii 132 

viii — X 132 

JOB. 

Entire, 11, 16, 22, 151-156 

i 151 

i, 1 152 

i, ii 154 

ii 154 

iii 151, 154 

iv 154 

iv, 10, 11 155 

iv — XXV 154 

ix, 5-9 155 

xii, xiii, 1 152 

xiv, 18, 19 155 

XV, 17-19 152 

xix, 25, 26 176 

XX, 16 155 

xxiii, 10 56, 78 

xxvi, 13 155 

xxvi — xxxi 151, 154 

xxviii 155 

xxviii, 1-19 155 

XXX, 29 155 

xxxi, 1-4, 24-40 35 

xxxii — xxxvii 154 

xxxiii, 28 149 

xxxiv, 10-12 43 

xxxvi, 27-33 155 

xxxviii 155 

xxxviii, 16-35 155 

xxxviii, 31-36 29 

xxxviii — xii 154 

xxxix, 1-12 155 

xl, 15 — xii 155 

xiii, 1-6 154 

xiii, 5 155 

xiii, 7-17 154 

PSALMS. 

Entire 16, 22, 137-143 

i 136 

i— xii 140 

ii 142 

ii, 6-8 199 

iii 138 

iv 138 

vii 138 

vii, 1-10 191 

viii 28, 138 

XV 138 

xvi, 2, 5 98 

xvii, 15 155 

xviii 138 

xix, 1 29, 137 



Page 

xxii 138, 142 

xxii, 1, 16-18 199 

xxiii 138, 139 

xxiii, 4 139 

xxiv 138 

xxxii 138 

xxxiv, 1 141 

xxxiv, 18 134 

xxxiv, 22 176 

xxxvi, 6 43 

xxxvii, 23 56 

xiii, 1, 2 98 

xiii — Ixxii 140 

xiv 138, 142 

xlvi 140 

1, 11 184 

1, 23 141 

Ii, 17 134 

Ixv, 1 141 

Ixv, 2 105 

Ixxii 106, 141, 142 

Ixxii, 11, 12, 17 200 

Ixxii — Ixxxix 140 

Ixxxi, 2, 3 142 

Ixxxiv 141 

Ixxxv, 6 140 

Ixxxv, 10 169 

Ixxxvii 141 

Ixxxvii, 7 143 

Ixxxix, 14 169 

xc, 2 29 

xc, xci 142 

xc — cvi 140 

xci, 1, 2, 14, 15 191 

xeii, 1-3 141 

xcii, 3 142 

xcv, 6 50 

xcviii, 5, 6 142 

xcix, 1, 8 85 

xcix, 9 63 

c 142 

ci 138 

ciii 142 

civ 142 

civ, 1-24 30 

civ, 24 29, 30 

cvii — cl 138 

ex 140, 142 

cxi, 10 149 

cxix 138 

cxix, 67 73 

cxix, 75-77 169 

cxx — cxxxiv 142 

cxxi 142 

cxxxvii 132, 141 

cxxxviii, 2 112 

cxlv, 16, 17 27, 43 

cxlviii, 1-4, 8-13 141 

cl, 3-5 142 

FBOVEBBS. 

Entire 16, 22, 144-150 

i 146 

i, 20-33 144 

i— ix 148 

ii, 6, 7 149 

iii, 1-6, 9-18 148 

iii, 5. 6 149 

iv, 10-27 148 

viii, 12-36 146, 14£^ 



Index of Scripture Passages. 



207 



Page 

viii, 17 150 

ix, 10 146, 149 

X — xxii, 16 145, 148 

xi, 1 146 

xi, 13 149 

xii, 19 149 

xiv, 25 149 

XV, 1, 2, 23 149 

XV, 29 105 

xvi, 1, 28 149 

xviii, 22 146 

XX, 3 149 

xxii, 17 — ^xxiv, 22 148 

xxiii, 29-35 149 

xxiv, 23-34 148 

XXV, 1-11 145, 149 

XXV — xxix 145, 148 

xxviii, 5 146 

xxviii, 23 149 

XXX 148 

xxxi, 1-9 148 

xxxi, 10-31 148, 150 

xxxi, 26 149 

ECCLESIASTES. 

Entire 16, 22, 152-154 

i, 1-11 154 

i, 12 — viii, 15 154 

ii, 26 149 

iii, 9 153 

vii, 13, 14 153 

viii, 12 153 

viii, 16 — ^xii, 7 154 

ix, 2, 3 153 

ix, 10-18 156 

xii 156 

xii, 8-14 154 

xii, 13 153, 155 

SONG OP SOLOMON. 

Entire 16, 22. 146-148 

i — V, 1 148 

ii, 10-13 147 

ii, 15, 17 155 

V, 2 — viii, 14 148 

viii, 6, 7 147 

ISAIAH. 

Entire 17; 173-175 

i — V 173 

i — xii 174 

iii, 16-23 176 

V, 1-12 175 

V, 11, 12, 22, 23 176 

vi, 3 63 

vi, 8 161 

vi — xii 173 

vii, 14-16 175 

vii — ix 175 

ix, 1-7 199 

ix, 1-12 175 

X, 28-32 (map) 175 

xi, 2 184 

xi, 6 85 

xiii — ^xxiii 174 

xxii 126 

xxiv — xzvii 175 

xxvi, 3, 4 155 



Page 

xxvi, 19 192 

xxviii — ^xxxix ....174, 175 

xxxiii 126 

xxxvi, xxxvii 126 

xxxvii, 21-29 176 

xl 177 

xl, 8 112 

xl, 26 29 

xl — Ixvi 174, 175 

xliii, 1 176 

xliv, 34 184 

xlix, 15, 16 176 

liii 177 

liii, 1-6 199 

liii, 3 177 

liii, 5 155, 176, 177 

liv, 11-14 155 

Ivii, 14-18 134 

Ixi, 1-3 184 

Ixvi, 23 50 

JEBEMIAH. 

Entire 17, 178-182 

i 178 

i, 2 178 

i, 14 179 

i — ^xx 182 

ii — vi 179 

vi, 1, 22, 23 179 

vi, 11-26 181 

vii 180 

viii— X 180 

ix, 24 169 

xi, 18-23 179 

xi, xii 179 

xiii, 23 155 

xiii — xxi 180 

XV, 1 85 

XV, 17 179 

xvi, 2 179 

xviii, 18 144 

XX, 13 141 

xxi — xxxiii 181 

xxii, 20 — xxiv 180 

XXV 180 

xxvi, 17-19 172 

xxvi 180 

xxvi — xxxiv 180 

xxix, 4-14 132 

xxix, 10 128 

xxxi, 14, 25 155 

xxxi, 31-34 182, 200 

xxxii, 27 29 

xxxiv 182 

XXXV 180, 182 

xxxvi 180, 182 

xxxvi, 14-32 182 

xxxvi, 23, 29-31 91 

xxxvii — xxxix, 10 180 

xxxvii — xliv 182 

xxxix, 11 — ^xliv 180 

xliii, 1-8 128 

xliv, 1 182 

xlv 182 

xlv— 11 180 

xlvi, 2 126 

xlvi — ^li 182 

xlix, 7-22 197 

Hi 180, 182 

Iii, 28-30 128 I 



Page 
LAMENTATIONS. 

Entire 17, 22, 180-182 

iii, 24 98 

EZEEIEL. 

Entire 11, 17, 181-185 

i 181 

i, 1-21 183 

i, 3, 28 181 

i — xxiv 182 

iii, 15 181 

vii, 14 184 

viii, 1 181 

xiv, 1 181 

xiv, 14 152, 191 

xvi 181 

xviii 181 

xviii, 1-4 185 

xviii, 20 181 

XXV — ^xxxii 182, 184 

xxvii 181 

xxviii, 3 191 

xxix, 16-18 181 

xxxiii 181 

xxxiii, 1-9 184 

xxxiii — xlviii 183 

xxxiv, 26 185 

xxxvi 181 

xxxvi, 7 184 

xxxvi, 22, 23 181 

xxxvi, 25-27, 155, 184, 185 

xxxvii 181 

xxxvii, 1-10 185 

xxxvii, 1-14 192 

xl — xlviii 181 

xlvii 132 

DANIEL. 
Entire, 11, 17, 22, 186-193 

i 186 

i, 1, 2 187 

i, 8 193 

i, 17 149 

i — ^vi 190 

ii, 1-24 189 

ii, 25-49 190 

ii, 34, 35, 44, 45 189 

iii 189 

iv, 29, 30 192 

iv, 30, 32, 83 187 

V 189 

V, 1-30 187 

V, 31— vi, 28 183 

vi, 10-23 191, 192 

vii, 8, 11, 20-26 189 

vii, 13, 14 200 

vii, 27 191 

vii — xii 190 

viii, 9-14, 19-26 189 

ix, 14 43 

X, 1 191 

xi, 21-39 189 

xii, 1-3 192, 200 

HOSEA. 

Entire ...17, 166-168, 198 

i — ^iii 168 

ii, 16-20 168 

ii. 19 169 



2o8 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Page 



.165 
,168 
,170 
,125 
,176 
165 
169 



iv, 2 

iv — xiv 

Ti, 6 

X, 12 

xi, 1-4 

xi, 4 

xi, 8-11 

xii, 6 165 

xiv, 4 165 

xiv, 4-9 170 

xiv, 9 43 

JOEL. 

Entire .. .17, 22, 197, 198 

i, 4 200 

ii, 28, 29 .. .125, 184, 197 
ii, 28-32 201 

AMOS. 
Entire ...17, 164-167, 198 

i, 1 164 

i, ii ..' 167 

iii, 1-8 164 

iii, 7 161 

iii — vi 167 

V, 14 170 

T, 15 169 

V, vi 165 

vi, 1-7 168 

vi, 15 161 

vii, 10-12 166 

vii, 10-17 168 

vii, 15 165 

vii — ix 167 

OBADIAH. 

Entire . . .17, 22, 197, 198 

Verses 1-9 197 

Verse 21 197, 201 

JONAH. 

Entire 17, 22, 194, 195, 198 

i, 1-8, 15, 16 194 

ii, 12 195 

iii, 1 195 

iii, 17-19 194 

MICAH. 
Entire ...17, 171-174, 198 

i, 1, 14 171 

i, 9-15 (map) 175 

i — iii 174 

ii, iii 172 

iv, 1-5 171, 172 

iv, V 174 

iv — vii 173 

V, 2-5 173, 174 

vi, 4 176 

vi, 6-8 174 

vi, 8 155 

vi, 16 114, 115 

vi, vii 174 

NAHUM. 
Entire 17, 22. 194, 195, 198 

i, 1-8, 15, 16 194 

ii, 12 195 

iii, 1 195 

iii, 17-19 194 



Page 
HABAKKUK. 

Entire . . .17, 22, 195, 198 

ii, 4 195 

ii, 12, 15 < 195 

iii 195, 198 

ZEPHANIAH. 

Entire . . .17, 22, 195, 198 

i, 1 195 

iii, 1 195 

iii, 1-7, 13-20 198 

iii, 17 195 

HAGGAL 

Entire 17, 22, 195, 196, 198 

i 200 

i, 4 196 

ZECHABIAH. 

Entire . . .17, 22, 196, 198 

i — vi 196 

iii, 1-5 196 

iv 199 

iv, 6, 7 184, 196 

ix, 9 196 

xii, 10 196 

MALACHI. 

Entire . . .17, 22, 196, 198 
iii 201 

MATTHEW. 

iv, 1-10 32 

vi, 11 56 

vi, 33 98 

vii, 7 105 

X, 29-31 56 

xi, 25, 26 85 

xii, 42 106 

xviii, 1-4 85 

xxi. 5 196 

xxii, 41, 42 98 

xxiii, 35 43 

xxiv, 35 112 

I 

MABK. 
X, 27 29 

LX7KE. 

ii, 19 55 

ii, 52 81, 149 

xiv, 7-11 149 

xxiv, 44 136 

JOHN. 

i, 11 55 

iii, 16 176 

iv, 20-24 50 

viii, 56 47 

xvii, 25 43 

xix, 37 196 

XX, 19-23 168 



Page 
ACTS. 

ii, 29-31 98 

X, 30, 31 105 

xiii, 22 98 

xvii, 28 56 

EOMANS. 

i, 20 29 

iii, 10-24 31 

v, 19 32 

vii, 28 56 

viii, 17 98 

viii, 28 155 

xi, 33-36 29 

1 COEINTHIANS. 
XV, 52 184 

GALATIANS. 
i, 15, 16 161 

COLOSSIANS. 

iii, 14 110 

iii, 16 141 

1 TIMOTHY. 

ii, 14 32 

2 TIMOTHY. 

iv, 17 179 

HEBEEWS. 

i, 1, 2 198 

ii, 1 198 

xi, 4 39 

xi, 29, 30 59, 70 

xii, 24 48 

xiii, 15 141 

JAMES. 
V, 16 105 

1 PETEE. 
i, 15, 16 68 

1 JOHN. 

ii, 16 33 

iii, 12 43 

EEVELATIOS. 

ii, 7 S3 

vii, 9 141 

viii, 3, 4 105 

viii, 6 184 

xvi, 7 43 

xviii, 17 113 

xxi, 3, 7 98 

xxii, 2, 14 33 

xxii, 9 50 



GENEEAL INDEX. 



[Page niunbGr of text-book, after name of modern author, shows where he is 
qnoted; such number after title (often abbreviated) of book following author's 
name gives place of first reference to book; and after (Map) or (Chart) page where 
same is found, 1 meaning title page.] 



Page 
Aaron ..58-60, 64, 80, 110 

Abdon 74 

Abel 38, 39, 43 

Abel-meholah 161 

(Map) 111. 

Abiathar 100 

Abigail 95 

Abijah, son of Jero- 
boam 109 

Abijam, king of Judah, 

20, 21, 110, 121, 124 

(Chart) 120. 

Abimelech 73 

Abinadab 82 

Abner 98, 107 

Abraham.. 9, 19, 45-52, 54, 
131 

(Chart) 44, (Map) 49. 

"Abrech" 54 

Absalom 95, 98, 107 

Acco 131 

(Maps) 77, 175. 

Achan 68 

Achish of Gath 95 

Acrostic Psalms 138 

Adam 27, 32, 38, 52 

(Chart) 44. 

Adam, city of 67 

Adams, John 198 

The Minor Prophets. . 11 
Adeney, W. F., editor 

New Century Bible.. 11 

Adonijah 100 

Adoram 109 

Adullam 91 

_(Map) 90. 

Afflictions 151, 152 

Ahab 20, 115-117, 122, 

158-160 

(Charts) 120, 163. 
Ahaz, king of Judah. . 21, 

120, 122-124, 126, 171, 
175 

(Chart) 120. 
Ahaziah, king of Israel, 
20, 116, 117, 122, 159 

(Chart) 120. 
Ahaziah, king of Judah, 

21, 122, 124, 160 

(Chart) 120. 
Ahijah, the prophet, 

102, 108, 110, 112 



Page 

Ahinoam 95, 96 

Ai ., 68 

(Map) 1. 
Aijalon Ill 

(Map) 111. 
Alamoth 138 

Alexander's empire 

(Map) 133. 
Alexandria 131 

(Maps) 62, 133. 

Allegories 181 

Altar of burnt-sacri- 
fice 130 

(Maps) 104, 140. 

Altars, alien 102 

Amalekites 74, 95 

Amaziah, high priest, 166, 
168 

King of Judah, 

21, 120, 124 

(Chart) 120. 
American Revised Ver- 
sion 7, 12, 13 

Amittai 197 

Ammonites 75, 86, 88 

Amnon 95 

Amon, king of Judah, 21 
124 

(Chart) 120. 

Amorites 67 

Amos 164-169, 174 

Book of, 22, 169-174. 

(Chart) 163. 
Amraphel 46, 50 

See also Hammurabi. 

Anakim 67 

Anathoth 100, 178, 179 

(Map) 84. 

Anderson, W. F 13 

Angels 40 

Anger 146 

Animals of Old Testa- 
ment 85, 155 

Antiochus Epiphanes, 

131, 188 

Apes .102 

Apocalyptic writings, 

187-189, 196 
Arabia 101 

(Maps) 183, 190. 

Arabic manuscript 66 

Arabs, Bedouin 74 

209 



Page 
Ararat, Mount 43 

(Map) 183. 
Ark, of Noah 42 

Of tabernacle 80, 

82, 95, 97. 
Armenia 43 

(Map) 183. 

Armor 91, 96, 102 

Art 41, 43 

Artaxerxes 130 

Asa 21, 122, 124 

(Chart) 120. 

Asaph 138 

Ascension 159 

Ashdod 87, 131 

(Map) 90. 
Asher, Tribe of.... 86, 109 

(Map) 1. 

"Asherim" 112 

Ashkelon 87 

(Map) 90. 

Assyria 11, 22, 43, 116- 

118, 167, 174, 195 

(Maps) 14, 183; 
army smitten, 123, 
125. 

Astronomy 27 

Athaliah 21, 122, 124 

(Chart) 120. 

Atonement 177 

Azekah Ill 

(Map) 311. 
Azotus 131 

(Map) 199. 

Baal 115, 158, 160, 

161, 167 

Baalath 102 

Baalbek 154 

(Map) 18. 

"Baali" 168 

Baalim 73 

Baasha, king of Israel, 

20, 22, 114, 117, 120 

(Chart) 120. 
Babylon. .46, 123, 126, 

128, 129, 141, 187, 

191 

(Maps) 14, 49, 183. 

See also Chaldeans. 



2IO 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Page 
Babylonia. .11, 26, 28, 

54, 134, 141 
(Maps) 14, 183. 
Babylonian empire. New, 

or Chaldean 125, 

126, 129, 189, 191 
(Map) 14. 
Ball, C. J., Light from 

the East 59 

Barak 73, 74, 86, 107 

(Map) 77. 
Barnicott, O. R., Primer 
of Old Testament His- 
tory 8 

Bass, in music 138 

Bathsheba 95 

Baxter, Richard 167 

Beardslee, J. W...138, 

153, 197 
Introduction to Old 

Testament 8 

Beasts, in Daniel 188 

Of burden 134 

Beecher, W. J 96 

Beersheba 47, 53, 87 

(Map) 49. 
Belshazzar. . .187, 188, 191 

Benhadad 115 

Bennett, W. H 71 

Genesis (N. C. B.) 43. 
Joshua and Conquest, 9 

Bernard, J. H 37 

Bethel. .47, 53, 55, 72, 
82, 109, 111, 161, 
166, 168. 
(Maps) 18, 84, 111. 

Beth-horon 102 

(Map) 199 

Bethlehem 83, 94, 172 

(Map) 84. 
Bethshan (Bethshean), 

72, 131 
(Maps) 77, 111, 199. 
Bethshean. See Beth- 
shan. 
Bible, 

Hunger for 4 

Spiritual nourishment 

of 6 

History of 7 

Study course 7 

Men of 8 

Women of 8, 9 

Constructive work. . . 13 

Natural language of.. 115 

Inspiring revival, 123, 

126 

Editing of Books 129 

Formation of canon.. 134 
Hebrew basis. . . .23, 164 
See also Old Testa- 
ment. 
Bibliotheca Sacra... 19, 40 

Bildad 151 

Bitter Lakes 63 

(Map) 62. 

Black Obelisk 116 

Blaikie, W. G., 

Bible History 7 



Page 
"Book-town" 

(Keriath-sepher) .... 69 

Boscawen, W. St. 188 

Boundaries of tribes. 
See Tribes. 

Brick-making 59 

Brooks, Phillips 127 

Brown, Theron, Name- 
less Women of Bible, 9 

Browne, Bishop 24 

Budde, Karl, Religion 

of Israel 118 

Burney, C. F., Old Tes- 
tament Theology. ... 8 

Burnt-offering 63 

Buzi, Ezekiel's father, 181 

Cain 38, 39 

Caleb 66, 74 

Calkin, J. B., Bible 

Lands 12 

"Calves" for worship, 

109, 110, 112 

Canaan 47, 66, 73 

(Map) 42. 

Canaanites . .46, 67, 72, 76 

Canon of Old Testa- 
ment 187 

Captives. 

Companies of 123 

Numbers from Judah, 180 

Carchemish 47, 125 

(Map) 49. 
Battle of. ..126, 179, 195 

Carlyle, Thomas 151 

Carmel, Mount. .. .158, 

161, 162 
(Maps) 18, 77. 

Chaldeans, or New 
Babylonian empire, 

179, 194, 195 
(Chart) 163. 

Character 83, 117, 

145, 148 

Chariots 74, 102 

Charts. 

Use of 12, 13 

List of 14 

Chebar, the 181, 185 

Cheerfulness 146 

Chemosh 115 

Cherith, brook 158, 161 

(Map) 111. 

Cherubim 33, 36 

Child. 

Influence of. .81, 83, 162 
In prophecy . . .173, 175 

Christ. 

Types of 55, 56, 84 

Spirit of 182, 184 

See also Jesus Christ. 

Christian life 150, 170 

Chronicler, The... 110, 123 

Chronicles, Books of, 

110, 112, 136 

Chronology of Old Tes- 
tament 19-22, 40, 75 

Ussher, 19-21. 40. 



Pag« 

Church, The 4, 46, 

129, 18§ 

Circumcision 51, 67 

Cities. 

Of the Plain 50, 52 

Of refuge 68 

Of the Levites 68 

Of Philistines 87 

Fortified 102, 109 

City of David. 
(Map) 104. 

Civilization 41 

Clarke, W. N., Chris- 
tian Theology 32 

Cleansing 63 

Cobern, C. M 187 

Commentary on 

Ezekiel and Daniel, 
11. 
Code of Hammurabi. 
See Hammurabi . 

Commerce 101, 102 

Communion 63, 137 

Conquest of Palestine, 

9, 13, 19, 66-68, 70 

Conversions 150 

Conviction 63 

Co-regencies ..21, 120, 173 
(Chart) 120. 

Courage 189 

Of Amos, 166. 

Covenant, sign of 43 

Book of, 60, 61. 
New, 182. 

Creation 23-30 

(Chart) 44. 
Creator . . .25, 26, 28, 155 

Cross of Christ 183 

Crossing of Jordan.. 66, 69 

Cubit, length of 42, 96 

Culture 41 

Cushan-rishathaim .... 74 

Cymbals 138 

Cyrus 21, 129, 187, 

188, 191, 192 

Damascus 47, 118, 123 

(Maps) 49, 111. 

Damieh Ford 47, 67 

Dan, city of.. 87, 109, 111, 
131 

(Maps) 111, 199. 

Tribe of, 75, 86, 109. 

Dana, J. D 24 

Daniel. .11, 13, 21, 22, 128, 

129, 152, 186, 189- 

193 

(Chart) 163. 

Book of, 11, 22, 164. 

186-192. 
(Chart) 163. 

Darius the Mede 188 

David. .10, 13, 20, 83, 

85, 87-100. 116, 138 
(Maps) 84, 90, 97, 

104. 
(Chart) 120. 
Davidic Psalms M8 



General Index. 



211 



Page 

DaridsoB, A. B 81 

Exile and Restoration, 

10. 
Commeatary on Job, 

11. 
Theology of Old Tes- 
tament, 155. 

Davies, T. W 101 

Davies, W. W. 

Codes of Hammiirabi 
and Moses, 11. 
Davis, J. D. 

Genesis and Semitic 

Tradition, 9. 
Bible Dictionary, 12. 
Darison, W. T., 106, 
137, 138, 142, 146, 

151, 154, 156 
Praises of Israel 
(Psalms) 10. 
Wisdom, Literature... 10 

Dawson, J. W 24, 63 

Dead Sea 60, 132 

(Map) 18. 
Deane, Henry. 

Daniel and his Times, 11 
Deborah.. 73, 74, 76, 78, 

86, 107 
(Map) 77. 
Decalogue. See Ten 

Commandments. 
Declensions, National, 

116-124 
Dedication, Spiritual... 63 
Degrees, Psalms of.... 143 

Delitzsch, Friedrich 187 

Deluge. See Flood. 
Descent into Egypt.. 19, 53 

Desert, Arabian 152 

(Map) 190. 

Denney, James 34 

Atonement and Mod- 
ern Mind, 32. 
Deuteronomic Code. ... 61 
Deuteronomy, Book of, 

.61, 62 

Dibon ..115 

(Map) 111. 

Diligence 146, 150 

Disobedience 32 

Dispersion, Jewish 131 

Division of Hebrew peo- 
ple 107, 108, 110 

Dods, Marcus 50 

Commentary on Gene- 
sis, 11. 

Doeg 88 

Dothan 55 

(Map) 77. 

Dress 144, 173 

Driver, S. R. . . .50, 53, 
155, 187-189, 197, 198 
Isaiah, 10. 

Commentary »a Gene- 
sis, 11. 
Introductio« to Old 
Testament, 132. 
Duty, Micah's cam- 

marr 174 



Page 

Dynasties 114, 115 

(Chart) 120. 

"Early Judges" 73-75 

East-Jordanic terri- 
tory 60, 75, 109, 154 

(Maps) 1, 18, 199. 
Ebal, Mount 70 

(Maps) 18, 199. 
Ebenezer 82 

(Maps) 84. 

Eber, Dr 63 

Ecclesiastes, Book of, 

22, 144. 152-156 
Eden 28, 29, 31, 33 

(Map) 35. 

Edom 60, 197 

Education, in Baby- 
lonia 45 

Ehud 74, 86 

Eiselen, F. C 13 

Ekron 87 

(Map) 90. 
Elah, king of Israel, 

20, 114, 117, 120 

(Chart) 120. 
Elam 129 

(Map) 183. 
Elders following 

Joshua 19, 68 

Eli 9, 73, 80-85, 100 

Eliashib 130 

Eliezer, Abraham's 

steward 48 

The prophet 122 

Elihu 151 

Elijah 10, 22, 157- 

162, 164 

(Map) 111. 

(Chart) 163. 

Eliphaz 151 

Elisha 10, 22, 157, 

159-162, 164 

(Map) 111. 

(Chart) 163. 

Elkanah 80 

"Elohim" (God) 29 

"Elkoshite," The 194 

Elon 74 

Endor 89 

(Map) 77. 
Engedi 91 

(Map) 90. 

Enoch 38, 40 

Environment 27 

Egypt 9, 11, 13, 19, 

45, 53-56, 59, 64, 67, 

100-102, 108, 128, 

129, 131, 179, 180 

(Maps) 4, 49, 62. 

Of the Ptolemies, 191. 

(Map) 190. 
Ephraim, Mount 74 

Tribe of 86, 108, 109 

(Map) 1. 

Division 102, 107 

Esau 53-55 

Esdraelon, Plain of.. 74-77 

(Map) 77. 



Essenes 131 

Esther 135, 136 

(Map) 183. 

Book of 130, 134 

Ethbaal 115 

Ethiopia 195 

Euphrates 2S 

(Maps) 35, 183. 
Eve 29, 32, 33, 38, 52 

(Chart) 44. 
Evil, Moral. .37, 39, 40, 

52, 153 

Speaking 146 

Spirit ..32, 36, 154, 196 

Exile, The 10, 11, 

13, 21, 128, 129, 132 

134, 152 

(Maps) 14, 62, 183, 

Length of 128 

(Chart) 163. 

Conditions 132 

Prophet of 181 

Return journey .... 134 

(Map) 49. 
Exodus, The . . 19, 58-64, 

(Maps) 4, 62. 
(Chart) 44; Book of, 

60, 62 
Ezekiel. . . . 11, 22, 129, 
132, 152, 178, 181- 

185, 191 
(Map) 183 

Book of 164 

(Chart) 163. 

Ezion-geber 102 

(Map) 97. 

Ezra 21, 130, 134 

(Chart) 163. 
Book of 136 

Fables 144 

Fairbairn, A. M. 

Christ in Theology. . . 35 
Faith . . .46-48, 51, 70- 

73, 153, 176 
Fall of Man and re- 
sults 32-37 

Fallows, Samuel, editor 
Bible Encyclopaedia. . 12 

Farah, Wady 47 

(Maps) 18, 199. 

Feasts, Hebrew 64 

Firstborn slain 59 

Fleet, for trade 102 

Flood 19, 38, 40-44 

(Chart) 44. 

"Folly" 145 

Freedom, Moral 32, 39 

Friendship 149 

Froude, J. A 151 

Future life 152 

Gad, Tribe of. .60, 86, 109 

(Map) 1. 
Galilee 130, 197 

(Map) 199. 

Garments 78, 102 

Gath 87, 95 

(Map) 90. 



212 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Page 
Gath-hepher 197 

(Maps) 77, 199. 
Gaza 87, 131 

(Maps) 90, 199. 
Genesis, Book of. .9, 11, 

23-29, 34, 49, 54 

(Chart) 44. 
Genung, G. F 152, 154 

Epic of Inner Life. . .152 

Geology 24, 25, 27 

Gerar 47 

(Map) 49. 
Gerizim, Mount 70, 130 

(Map) 199. 
Gezer 72, 101, 102 

(Map) 90. 

Gibeonites 68 

Gibson, J. M 43 

Ages Before Moses, 40. 
Gideon. .73-75, 78, 79, 107 

(Map) 77. 
Gihon, Stream 28 

(Map) 35. 

Spring., (maps) 104, 140 
Gilboa, Mount.. 75, 89, 95 

(Map) 77. 
Gilead 75, 158 

(Map) 1. 

People of 87 

Gilgal 67, 82 

(Maps) 1, 84. 

Gilmour, James 141 

Girgashites 67 

Given, J. J. 

Kings of Judah 10 

Glacial era 19 

God 25. 26, 29, 43, 152 

Praise of 141, 142 

Majesty 174 

Attributes and gra- 
cious works. .29, 33, 
43, 52, 56, 59, 63, 
78, 85, 91, 98, 105, 
112, 113, 125, 134, 
143, 155, 161, 164, 
169, 172, 173, 176, 

182, 188, 191, 196 
Gods, false.. 102, 108, 123 

Goethe 79, 151 

Gold 102 

Goliath 89, 94, 96 

(Map) 90. 

Goodness 83 

Goshen 58, 59 

(Map) 62. 
Gospel, Promise 36 

Advance toward. ... 182, 
183, 185 

Grace 183 

Grain, Storing of 59 

Greek, Cities in Pales- 
tine 131, 200 

(Map) 199. 

Empire 189 

(Map) 133. 

Language 131 

Period. 

See Jewish history. 



Page 
Green, W. H., "Prom- 

eval Chronology' ' . . . . 40 

Gubaru 187, 188 

Gulf of Suez 63 

(Map) 62. 

Guyot, A. H 24 

Habakkuk 179, 195 

Book of.. 22, 194, 195, 

198 

(Chart) 163. 

Habiri 67 

Habor River 118 

(Map) 14. 

Hagar 46 

Haggai 130, 195, 200 

Book of.. 22, 194-196, 

198 

(Chart) 163. 
Halah 118 

(Map) 14. 
Hamath 118 

(Maps) 14, 49. 
Hamitic peoples. 

(Map) 42. 
Hammurabi. .. .19, 45- 

47, 50 

Code of 11, 45-47, 

61, 64 
Hanani, The prophet. .122 
Hananiah, The false 

prophet 180 

Handwriting on wall... 187 

Hannah 81 

Haran 46-49, 53, 55 

(Map) 49. 
Harod, Well of 75 

(Map) 77. 
Harosheth 74 

(Map) 77. 
Harper, R. F. 

Code of Hammurabi. 47 

Harps 138 

Harvey-Jellie, "W. 

Ezekiel 11 

Hastings, James, edi- 
tor Dictionary of 
Bible, 12. 

Hazael 116, 118, 159 

Hazor 74, 102 

(Map) 77. 

Heart, New 181, 185 

Hebrew. 

History ...7-12, 80, 131 

Monarchies ..10, 86-127 
(Chart) 22, 120. 

Musical instr\iments.l42 

National Life 86-135 

Poetry 137, 138, 

141, 151 

Prophets 17, 157-201 

(Chart) 163. 

Singers and Wisdom 
Writers 136-156 

Spirit 80, 81 

"Hebrew," Meaning of 

term 46, 50 

Hebrews, The.... 7, 22, 

58, 67, 100, 102, 108 

See also Israel. 



Page 
Hebron. .47, 50, 53, 55, 

72 95 

(Maps) 49, 90. 

Heman 138 

Heredity 27 

Hermon, Mount 152 

(Maps) 1, 18. 

Herods, The 131 

Hezekiah. .21, 120, 122- 

126, 140, 145, 152, 

171, 172, 195 

(Charts) 120, 163. 
Hiddekel 28 

(Map) 35. 

"High places" 112 

Hilkiah, Jeremiah's 

father :...178 

Hill Country 68, 166 

Hiram 101 

Hittites 67 

Hivites 67 

Holiness, Law of 61 

Of God 181 

Holy Spirit. .4, 26, 79, 

83, 145, 179, 181, 

184, 185, 196, 197, 200 

Hommel, Fritz 46 

Hor, Mount 60 

(Map) 4. 
Horeb, Mount 158, 161 

(Map) 4. 
Horn, Little, in Daniel. 189 
Horner, Joseph. 

Daniel, Darius and 

Cyrus 188 

Horses 102 

Horton, R. F. 

Minor Prophets (N. 
C. B.), 170. 
Hosea 166-169, 174 

Book of 22, 167 

(Chart) 163. 
Hoshea, king of Israel, 

20, 117 

(Charts) 120, 163. 
Houses and furnish- 
ings 165, 169 

Human race, Begin- 
ning of 19, 41 

Unity of 39 

Humility 174 

Hurlbut, J. L. 

Bible Atlas 12 

Hyksos kings.. 19, 53, 54 

Ibzan 74 

Idolatry 123, 129 

Image, in Daniel 188 

"Immanuel" 173 

Immorality, in Israel, 

165, 167 

Incense 109 

Influence and example, 

118-120, 176, 181, 184 
Inscriptions, 43, 45, 54, 
114, 115, 139, 187, 192 
See also Monuments. 
Instruments, musical. ..142 



General Index. 



*I3 



Page 

Intemperance, 167, 175, 

176, 195 

Isaac 48, 51 

Isaiah, 10, 122, 123, 125, 

171-179 

Book of, 22, 129, 173-177 

(Chart) 163. 

Ishbosheth 107 

"Ishi" 168 

Israel, kingdom of, 109- 

122, 159 

Territory 109 

(Map) 111. 

Population 109 

Dynasties 114 

(Chart) 120. 

Kings (see Kings). 

League with Syria. ..175 

End 117, 119, 171 

(Charts) 120, 163. 
Israel, people of, 66-68, 

75, 76, 80, 87, 95, 107 

See also Hebrews. 
Issachar, tribe of, 86, 109 

(Map) 1. 
Iverach, James, Moses. 9 
Ivory 102 

Jabbok 47 

(Maps) 1, 18, 199. 
Jabesh-gilead, 88, 91, 111 

(Map) 111. 

Jabin 74 

Jacob 52-56 

Jacob-el 54 

Jael 74 

Jair 74 

Japhetic peoples. 

(Map) 42. 

Jebel Madurah 60 

Jebel Musa 59 

Jebus 101 

(Maps) 84, 104. 

Jebusites 67 

Jehoahaz, king of Israel, 

20, 117 

(Chart) 120. 
Jehoahaz, king of Judah, 

21, 124, 179 

(Chart) 120. 
Jehoiachin. . . .21, 124, 180 

(Chart) 120. 
Jehoiakim, 21, 124, 179, 

180, 184, 187 

(Charts) 120, 163. 
Jehoram, king of Judah, 

21, 122, 124, 159, 197 

(Charts) 120, 163. 

See also Joram. 
Jehoshaphat. . . .21, 115, 

122, 124, 125, 159 

(Chart) 120. 
Jehovah, 29, 70, 72, 81, 

108-110, 145, 146 
Jehu, 20, 116-118, 122, 159 

(Chart) 120. 
Jephthah 74-78, 86 



Page 
Jeremiah, 10, 128, 129, 

132, 172, 178-184 

Book of, 22, 164, 178- 

184, 197 

(Chart) 163. 
Jeremias, Johannes. 

Moses and Hammu- 
rabi 61 

Jericho 66-68, 161 

(Map) 84. 
Jeroboam, 20, 102, 107-114 

(Map) 111. 

(Charts) 120, 163. 
Jeroboam II, 20, 116, 

170, 119, 166, 197 

(Charts) 120, 163. 
Jerusalem, 72, 95, 97, 

101-104, 108, 110, 

129, 141, 168, 172, 

173, 195. 

Destroyed. .21, 124, 197 

Walls rebuilt 130 

(Maps) 104, 140. 

Jesse 83, 94 

Jesus Christ, 4, 26, 32, 

47, 58, 56, 63, 81, 

84, 106, 131, 136. 

(Chart) 44. 

In Psalms, 142, 149, 168 

In Micah 172, 173 

In Isaiah... 173, 175-177 

In Daniel 188, 189 

In Zechariah 196 

Summary 200 

See also Christ. 

Jewels 155 

Jewish history, 21, 128, 129 

Persian period.. 130, 131 

(Map) 133. 

Greek period. . .130, 131 

(Map) 133. 

Maccabean period. . ..131 

Roman period 131 

Jews 46, 128-134 

Origin of term 128 

Religious develop- 
ment, 134. 

Sects 131 

In Egypt 184 

Jezebel, 115, 119, 122, 

158, 160 
Jezreel, of Israel 161 

(Maps) 77, 111. 

Of Judah 96 

Valley of 75 

(Map) 77. 

Joab 98, 100 

Joash, king of Israel, 

20, 117 

(Chart) 120. 
Joash, king of Judah, 

21, 124, 160 

(Charts) 120, 163. 
Job 35, 36, 151-154 

(Map) 111. 

Book of 22, 144, 

151, 156 



JPage 
Joel 197 

Book of, 22, 194 

197, 198 

(Chart) 163. 
John the Baptist, 169, 196 
Johns, C. H. W., 45, 46 

Code of Hammurabi. 11 
Jonah, 22, 119, 197, 201 

Book of, 22, 194, 

197, 198, 201 

(Chart) 163. 

Jonathan 89, 91, 92 

Joram (Jehoram), king 

of Israel. . .20, 116, 117 

(Charts) 120, 163. 
Jordan, River, 46, 47, 

66, 67, 75, 86, 93, 

109, 118, 157. 

(Map) 1. 

Valley, 67, 68, 70, 

152, 154 

(Map) IS. 
Joseph, 9, 13, 19, 53-57 

(Maps) 49, 62, 77. 

Joseph-el 54 

Josephus 178 

Joshua, general, 9, 13, 

19, 66-72, 107. 

Book of 67, 164 

High-priest 196 

Josiah, 21, 123-126, 

178, 179 

(Chart) 120. 
Jotham, king of Judah, 

21, 22, 120, 124, 171 

(Charts) 120, 163. 
Judah, son of Jacob. . . 56 

Tribe of, 86, 87, 95, 
102, 105, 107. 

(Map) 1. 

Kingdom of, 109-114, 

116, 121-127, 171, 
172, 176. 

(Chart) 120. 

Territory 109 

(Map) 111. 

Population 109 

Kings of (See Kings). 

Captivity of 178, 180 

(Charts) 120, 163. 

Persian province of, 

(Map) 133. 

In (Jreek period. 

(Map) 133. 

See also Jewish his- 
tory. 

Judaism 130, 181 

Judges or deliverers, 20, 

72-85 

Book of 72-79, 164 

Judgment 40, 43 

Justice, 122, 165, 169, 174 

of God 43 

Kadesh-barnea 60, 66 

(Map) 4. 
Kedesh-naphtali 74 

(Map) 77. 

Kenites 67 

Kenizzites 67 



214 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Page 
Kennedy, On the Book 

of Jonah 198 

Kent, C. F 128, 131 

Wise Men of Israel.. 11 

History of the He- 
brew People 117 

History of the Jewish 

People 128 

Keriath-jearim 84 

(Map) 84. 

Keriath-sepher 69 

Kinah measure 180 

Kingdom of David and 

Solomon 96, 100 

(Map) 97. 
Kingdom of God, 46, 47, 

188, 189, 197 

of heaven 190 

Kingdom of Israel. 

See Israel. 
Kingdom of Judah. 

See Judah. 
Kings, Books of, 110, 

112, 164 
Bangs of Israel. 

Chronology of 20 

Character 114-120 

Scripture outline. .. .117 

(Chart) 120. 
Kings of Judah. 

Chronology of 21 

Character 121-126 

Scripture outline 124 

(Chart) 120. 
Kirkpatrick, A. F., 138, 

157, 171, 174, 197 

Doctrine of the Proph- 
ets 10 

Cambridge Bible for 

Schools 140 

Kishon, River 74, 76 

(Map) 77. 
Kittel, R., History of 

the Hebrews 78 

Klein, F 115 

Knox-Little, W. J. 

David 10 

Koheleth 152 

Korkhah (Dibon) 115 

(Map) 111. 

Laban 53 

Labor 35, 36 

Forced 59, 102 

Lachish Ill 

(Maps) 1, 111. 
Lamentations, Book of, 

22, 164, 180 

Lamps 75 

Land tenure in Israel, 

71, 172, 175, 176 
Law, the Mosaic, 23, 59- 

64, 130, 136 

The Babylonian 46 

Leadership 174 

Leah 53 

Lebanon, Mount. . .93, 170 

(Maps) 1, 18. 

Leprosy 159 

Levites, The 82, 109 



Page 

Levitical Code 60, 61 

Leviticus, Book of.... 60-62 

Life development 27 

Lions 192, 195 

Literature, Psalms 142 

Job 155 

Locusts 200 

Lot 48, 49 

Love, of God and neigh- 
bor 63 

Divine, 165, 167, 169, 

176, 198, 201 

Natural 146, 147 

Lovingkindness, 

165, 169, 174 

Luther 140, 168 

Luxor 154 

Luxury, 105, 108, 165, 

166, 173, 176 

Maccabaeus, Judas, 

Jonathan, Simon 131 

Maccabees, age of, 188, 189 

See also Jewish History. 
MacCoun, Townsend. 

Holy Land 12 

Machnow, Russian giant, 96 
Machpelah, cave of, 46, 47 
Maclntyre, R. G. 

Elijah and Elisha. . . 10 

Magnificat 81 

Malachi 196 

Book of, 22, 130, 194, 

196, 198, 201 

(Chart) 163. 
Man, creation of 23-30 

Innocence 31 

Place in universe, 25-29 

Fall 32-36 

Manasseh, king of Judah, 

21, 123, 124, 178 

(Chart) 120. 

Tribe of 60, 86, 109 

(Map) 1. 
Manda 188 

(Map) 183. 

Manna 59 

Maon 91 

(Map) 90. 
Maps and Charts, list of, 14 
Mareshah Ill 

(Map) 111. 
Maritime Plain 87, 91 

(Map) 18. 

Marriage 29, 48, 130 

Martyrs 188, 191 

Isaiah 178 

Jeremiah 180 

Mary, mother of Jesus. 81 

Mashal 144 

Matheson, George, 

39, 47, 182 

Representative Men of 

the Bible 8 

Meal-offering 63 

Medes, The 188 

(Map) 183. 
Medo-Persian empire. ..189 

(Map) 133. 



Pag» 
Megiddo 72, 102, 125 

(Map) 77. 

Battle of 126, 179 

Memphis 182 

(Map) 62. 
Men of the Old Testa- 
ment 166 

Menahem, king of Israel, 

20, 117, 166, 167 

(Chart) 120. 

Mercy 146 

Merenptah 19 

Merom, Lake 74 

(Maps) 1, 77. 
Mesha 115, 118, 159 

(Map) 111. 

Mesopotamia 45 

Messiah, The, in Micah 

and Isaiah 175, 176 

Metals 155 

Micah 171-176 

Book of 22, 171-176 

(Chart) 163. 

(Map) 175. 

Michal 89, 94 

Midianites 74 

(Map) 4. 
Migdol 182 

(Map) 62. 

Miller, Hugh 24 

Mining 155 

Minor Prophets, 

129, 194-201 

(Chart) 163. 

Miriam 64 

Missions 137, 141 

Mizpah 82, 88 

(Map) 84. 
Moab 60, 95, 115 

(Maps) 1, 111. 

Moabite Stone, 

115, 118, 119 

(Map) 111. 
Monuments, ancient, 

9, 11, 59, 102 

Pee also Inscriptions. 
Moody, D. L., 

62, 91, 98, 184 
Moore, G. F 74, 83 

Commentary oh 

Judges 74 

Moral factor 145 

"Morashtite," The 171 

Moresheth-gath 171 

(Map) 175. 
Morgan, G. Campbell. ..165 

Moriah, Mount 101 

Moses, 9, 13, 58-66, 81, 84 

Code of 11 

Books of 23, 60-62 

Mueller, Max 83 

Murison, R. G. 

Babylonia and Assyria 11 

Egypt 11 

Music 81, 89, 93, 94 

Of temple 142 

Instruments of.. 142, 165 

Naaman 159, 162 

Nablus 130 



General Index. 



215 



Page 

Nabo»iduB 188 

Nabnth 159 

Nadab, king of Israel, 

20, 114, 117 

(Chart) 120. 
Nahum 194 

Book of... 22, 194, 195 

(Chart) 163. 
Naphtali, Tribe of, 86, 109 

(Map) 1. 
Narrative, The, defined. 5 

Nathan 95, 97, 144 

Nation building 72-87 

Nations, Early, 42, 43, 45 

(Map) 42. 

Naville, Dr 63 

Nazareth 197 

(Map) 199. 
Nebo, Mount 60 

(Map) 1. 
Nebuchadnezzar, 124, 

128, 179, 180, 187, 188 

As a builder... 187, 192 

Necho, Pharaoh 179 

Negeb (Soutk Country), 

48, 90 

(Map) 18. 
Nehemiah, 13, 130, 131, 134 

(Chart) 163. 

Book of 21, 136 

New CoTcnant 25, 182 

New Testamant, 

137, 145, 182 

Apprcack to 200 

(Map) 199. 
Nineveh 46, 118 

(Maps) 49, 183. 
Nippur 181 

(Map) 183. 
Noah... 38, 40, 43, 52, 152 

(Chart) 44. 
Nob 82 

(Maps) 84, 175. 
Northern Kingdom. 

See Israel. 
Numbers, Book of... 60, 62 

Obadiak, eonrt official, 

158, 160 

The prophet 194 

Book of, 22, 194, 197, 198 
(Chart) 163. 
Obedience, 50, 70, 72, 

130, 149, 198 

Oded, Tke prophet 123 

Odes, 74, 7€, 86, 195, 198 

Offerings 63, 101 

Oil 102 

Old Testament 3, 5 

Literatur* 7-12 

Outline of contents, 15-17 

Chronology 19-22 

Jewish, divisions of.. 23 
Septuagint version, 

131, 134 
Preparing for New 

Testament 200 

Olivet, Mount 102 

(Map) 1. 



Page 
Omri, 20, 22, 114-117, 120 

(Chart) 120. 
Ophel 101 

(Maps) 104, 140. 

Ophrah 75 

Orator 173 

Oriental research, 3, 9, 

45, 49 

See also Insciiptions. 

Ornaments 78 

Othniel 20, 74, 75 

Ottley, R. L 176, 197 

History of the He- 
brews 7, 8 

Hebrew Prophets. ... 10 

Outline of Parts 15-17 

Overseers. . .102, 108, 109 

Paddan-aram 53 

(Map) 183. 
Pain, mission of . . . .36, 53 
Palace of Solomon, 

102-104, 109 

(Map) 104. 
Palestine. .. .11, 12, 66-68 

Early peoples, 67, 70, 129 

Physical features. ... 70 

(Map) 18. 

Battlefield of 77 

Rivals for 191 

(Map) 190. 
Paneas 131 

(Map) 199. 

Parables 144, 149, 181 

Pardon 36 

Passover 123 

Paterson, J. A 19 

Judges 9 

Paton, L. B. 

Syria and Palestine.. 115 

Patriarchal age 49, 54 

Paul and Jeremiah. . . .179 

Peace-offering 63 

Pekah, king of Israel, 

20, 117, 123, 166 

(Chart) 120. 
Pekahiah, king of Israel, 

20, 117 

(Chart) 120. 
Pella 131 

(Map) 199. 
Peniel 53 

See also Penuel. 

Pentateuch 23 

Pentecostal promise. . ..197 
Penuel 53-56, 109, 111 

(Map) 111. 
Perea 130 

(Map) 199. 

Perizzites 67 

Persia 129 

(Map) 183. 
Persian Gulf 46 

(Maps) 35, 183. 

Empire (Map) 133. 

Period. See Jewish 
history. 

Pethuel 197 

Pharaoh 100 

Pharisees 131 



Pag» 
Philistia 90, 95 

(Map) 18. 
Philistines, 75, 82, 87, 

89, 91, 97, 107 
Phoenicia 101, 103 

(Map) 111. 

"Pillars" 112 

Pinches, T. G 187 

Pishon 28 

(Map) 35. 
Pithom 59 

(Map) 62. 

Plagues, in Egypt 59 

Plain, cities of 50, 52 

Of Esdraelon, 74-77, 148 

(Map) 77. 

Plants of Palestine !'*'> 

Plumptre, E. H 156 

Poetry, Hebrew, 137, 

138, 141, 149, 151 
Praise of God... 141, 142 
Prayer, 40, 48, 50, 101, 

105, 158 

Precious stones 102 

Price, I. M 45 

Monuments and Old 

Testament 9 

Pride 146 

Priests and priesthood, 

59, 64, 100, 109, 131, 144 
Prophets, The, 10, 13, 

22, 23, 81, 85, 103, 

108, 136, 144, 157- 

164, 186, 200. 

(Chart) 163. 

See also Hebrew 
Prophets. 
Proverbs, Book of, 22, 

144-149 

Providence, Divine 56 

Psalms, The, 10, 11, 22, 

129, 136-143 
Ptolemais 131 

(Map) 199. 
Pul or Pulu llfJ 

See also Tiglath-Pile- 
ser. 
Queen of Sheba, 

101, 105, 106 

(Map) 42. 

Raamses 59 

(Map) 62. 

Rachel 53 

Rainbow 41, 43 

Ramah 82, 83 

(Map) 84. 
Ramoth-gilead . . ..115, 161 

(Map) 1. 

Rebekah 52 

Reconciliation 63 

Records, Israelite 69 

Red Sea 59, 63, 102 

(Maps) 42, 62, 97. 

Redeemer 172 

Redemption, 26, 31-35, 

44, 172 

Reference books 6-13 

Reforms, 130, 172, 173, 

178, 179 



2l6 



Studies in the Old Testament. 



Page 
Rehoboam, 20, 21, 107- 

111, 121 

(Map) 111. 

(Charts) 120, 163. 
Religious spirit and de- 
velopment, 41, 50, 97, 

129, 145, 164, 167. 
Remnant, The saving, 

159, 173, 198 

Repentance 152, 198 

Rephaim 67 

Restoration, The, 10, 13, 

21, 129 

Resurrection 188, 192 

Reuben, Tribe of . .60, 109 

(Map) 1. 

Reverence 146 

Revivals, Religious and 

national, 70, 71, 73, 

85, 121-126, 169. 
Revolt, of northern 

tribes 109 

Rezin ..123 

Riddles 144 

Righteousness, 39, 40, 

43, 47, 51, 76, 137, 

146, 165, 169. 

Riis, Jacob 165 

Robertson, James 138 

Psalms 11 

Early Religion of Is- 
rael 61 

Robson, John. 

Jeremiah 10 

Rogers, R. W., 4, 13, 46, 187 

History of Babylonia 

and Assyria 11 

Roman empire 189 

Period. See Jewish 
History. 

Round numbers 128 

Ruth 78 

Book of 75-79, 136 

Ryle, H. E. 

Early Narratives of 
Genesis 40 

Saba 101, 105 

Sabbath 24, 26, 29 

Sacrifice, 39, 50, 63, 90, 

91, 94, 123, 176 

Sacrilege 91 

Sadducees 131 

Salmond, C. A. 

Eli, Samuel, Saul 9 

Salt 132 

Samaria, city of, 

114, 117, 161 
(Map) 111. 

Northern Israel, 119, 171 
(Map) 199. 

Samaritans 130 

Samson, 20, 74, 75, 78, 

79, 144 
(Map) 90. 
Samuel, 9, 13, 20, 73, 

80-90, 94, 107 
(Map) 84. 
Books of, 80, 129, 164 



Page 

Sarah 47, 50, 52 

Sargon II 117, 119 

Satan. See Evil Spirit. 
Saul, 9, 10, 20, 82-95, 107 

(Maps) 77, 84, 90. 

(Chart) 120. 
Sayce, A. H., 19, 26, 

45, 46, 53, 54 

Joseph and Egypt ... 9 

Monument Facts 11 

History of the He- 
brews 19 

Higher Criticism and 

Monuments 115 

Schools and instruction, 122 

Of the prophets, 

81, 83, 159-162 
Science as related to 

Bible, 24-29, 31, 34, 

37, 39-41, 155. 
Scott, 0. A. 

Abraham 9 

Scribes, The 131 

Scriptures. See Bible. 
Scythians.. .179, 195, 200 

(Map) 183. 
Scythopolis 131 

(Map) 199. 

♦•Seer" 81, 85 

Self-sacrifice 127 

Semitic peoples 67 

(Map) 42. 

Sennacherib 123, 140 

Septuagint, 131, 134, 180 

Service 63 

Seth 38, 40, 43 

Shallum, king of Israel, 

20, 117, 120, 166 

(Chart) 120, 

Shalmaneser II, 116 

Shalmaneser IV 119 

Shamgar 74 

Sheba, Queen of. .101, 105 

(Map) 42. 
Shechem, 47, 53, 56, 

108-111, 114 

(Maps) 1, 49. 
Shemaiah, The prophet.109 

Sheminith 138 

Shephelah 87, 91, 171 

(Map) 18. 

Shepherd life 166, 169 

"Shibboleth" 86 

Shiloh 80, 82, 110 

(Map) 84. 

Shimei 100 

Ships 102 

Shishak 108, 112 

' ' Shulammite' ' 147 

"Shunammite" 147 

Silver 102 

Simeon, Tribe of.. 86, 109 

(Map) 1. 
Sin, 31-37, 39, 52, 123, 126 

Offering 63 

Sinai, Mount, 59, 60, 

110, 158 

(Map) 4. 
Sinaitic Code 60 



Page 
Peninsula 161 

(Map) 4. 
Sinker, Robert. 

Saul and Hebrew 

Monarchy 10 

Sisera 74 

Sketch maps 12-14 

Skinner, John. 

Between Testaments. 10 
Smith, G. A., 70, 76, 78, 

167, 197 

Holy Land 11 

Isaiah 126 

The Twelve Prophet8.166 
Social life and truth, 51, 

52, 149 

Sodom 48 

Solomon, 10, 20, 95, 97, 

100-108, 110, 111, 

116, 144, 145, 153, 

156. 

(Map) 97. 

(Charts) 120, 163. 
Song of Solomon, 22, 

144, 146, 148 

"Sons of God" 40, 43 

Soprano 138 

Soul, responsibility. .. .181 
South Country. 

See Negeb. 
Southern Kingdom. 

See Judah. 
Speech, Rightly con- 
trolled 149 

Spiegelberg, Dr. 

Sojourn in Goshen 
and the Exodus. .. 58 

Spies. The 66 

Spiritual life, 6, 44, 46, 

49, 50, 157 
Stanley, A. P. 

Jewish Church 195 

State, The 129 

Statesmen. 

Samuel 81 

Isaiah 122, 173 

Daniel 186 

Stellar universe 28 

(Map) 27. 
Stewart, R. L. 

Land of Israel 11 

Strong, A. H 34 

Suffering, Problem of.. 152 
Susa 46 

(Map) 183. 

Sycomore tree 165 

Symbolism, 181, 183, 

189, 196 
Synagogues, 129, 131, 181 
Syria, 114-118, 122, 123, 

159, 189, 191 

(Maps) 111, 190. 

Tabernacle 60, 64 

Tabor, Mount 74 

(Map) 77. 
Tahpanhes 182 

(Map) 62. 

Tamar 102 

Taxation 102, 107 



General Index. 



217 



Page 
Tekoa, 144, 165, 166, 168 

(Map) 111. 
Telabib 181, 182 

(Map) 183. 
Tel-el- Amarna letters. . . 67 

Temperance 146, 149 

Temple, of Solomon, 21, 

95, 98, 101-105, 109, 

122. 

Purified 123 

Destroyed 128 

(Map) 104. 

Of Zerubbabel, 21, 
128, 130, 134, 171, 
196. 

(Map) 140. 

Of Ezekiel's vision, 

132, 133 
Temptation, 32, 35-37, 

55, 148 
Ten Commandments.... 60 
Ten Tribes, Fate of 117 

See also Israel. 
Terry, M. S. 

Moses and the Proph- 
ets 60 

Tibni 114 

Tiglath-Pileser III, 

(Pulu) 116 

Tigris 28 

(Map) 35. 
Tirzah 109-111 

(Map) 111. 

Tola 74 

Torah, The 61 

Trees of Palestine 105 

Trespass-offering 63 

Tribes of Israel 53 

Territory of 68-70 

(Map) 1. 

Confederacies ....86, 87 
Trumbull, H. C 63 

Jonah in Nineveh. . ..198 

Trumpets 138 

Truth 146 

Tunes, in temple music. 13 8 
Types in Old Testa- 
ment 53-56 

Tyre, 101, 102, 181, 184 

(Map) 111. 

Unity of Israel, 76, 78, 

80, 86, 87 

Upham, Warren 19 

Ur 46, 49, 50 

(Maps) 35, 49. 



Urartu 43 

(Map) 183. 
Ussher's chronology, 19- 

21, 40 

Uz 152 

(Map) 111. 
Uzziah, 21, 116, 120, 

122-124, 173 
(Charts) 120, 163. 

Van, Lake 43 

(Map). 
Van Dyke, Henry. 

Gospel for Age of 
Doubt 32 

Story of Psalms 137 

Vessels of temple 187 

Visions 181 

Vow of Jephthah. 77 

Wade, G. W. 

Old Testament His- 
tory 116 

Wagner, Charles 165 

Walker, William. 

Kings of Israel 10 

Wallace, A. R 27, 28 

Man's Place in the 

Universe 27 

Walls of Jerusalem, 

102, 130 
(Maps) 104, 140. 
Wanderings of Israel- 
ites 19, 60, 68 

Warren, Charles 101 

Water Gate, The 134 

(Map) 140. 

Weapons 91 

West-land, The 116 

Wheat 59, 102 

Whitehouse, O. C 25 

Wilderness of Judea, 

166, 169 
(Map) 18. 
Wilkin, G. F. 

Control in Evolution. 34 

Wilson, C. W 101 

Winning souls 54, 192 

Winterbotham, Rayner. 

Solomon 10 

Wisdom, literature, 102, 

10, 22, 136, 144-149 

Witch of Endor 89, 90 

Women, in Old Testa- 
ment, 29, 39, 48, 102, 
105, 128, 144, 150, 
167, 173, 176. 



Page 
Worcester, B. 0. 

Genesis in the Light 
of Modern Knowl- 
edge 29 

World, creation of... 23-28 

Conflict with 189 

Worship, True, 40, 48, 

50, 68 

False 109, 112 

Writings, The, 23, 136, 

180, 186 



Youth, self-control, 188, 

190, 193 



Zachariah (Zechariah) 

king of Israel, 20, 

117, 120. 

(Chart) 120. 

Zadok 100 

Zarephath 158, 161 

(Map) 111. 
Zebulun, Tribe of.. 86, 109 

(Map) 1. 
Zechariah, The prophet, 

130, 195 

Book of, 22, 194, 196, 

198, 200 

(Chart) 163. 
Zedekiah, king of Ju- 

dah 21, 124, 180 

(Charts) 120, 163. 

Zenos, A. C 25 

Zephaniah 195, 198 

Book of, 22, 194, 195, 198 

(Chart) 163. 

Zerah (Osorkon II) 122 

Zerubbabel, 21, 128, 130, 

134, 196 

(Chart) 163. 
Ziklag 91, 95 

(Map) 90. 
Zimri, king of Israel, 

20, 114, 117, 120 

(Chart) 120. 
Zion 101 

(Map) 104. 
Ziph 91 

(Map) 90. 
Zoan 49, 55, 100 

(Maps) 49, 62. 
Zophar 151 



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